diff --git a/backend/tests/api/test_sessions.py b/backend/tests/api/test_sessions.py
index 5f509c5..826c9f5 100644
--- a/backend/tests/api/test_sessions.py
+++ b/backend/tests/api/test_sessions.py
@@ -461,3 +461,97 @@ class TestSessionsAdditionalCases:
         assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK
         data = response.json()
         assert data["success"] is True
+
+
+class TestSessionExceptionHandlers:
+    """
+    Test exception handlers in session routes.
+    Covers lines: 77, 104-106, 181-183, 233-236
+    """
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_list_sessions_with_invalid_token_in_header(self, client, user_token):
+        """Test list_sessions handles token decode errors gracefully (covers line 77)."""
+        # The token decode happens after successful auth, so we need to mock it
+        from unittest.mock import patch
+
+        # Patch decode_token to raise an exception
+        with patch('app.api.routes.sessions.decode_token', side_effect=Exception("Token decode error")):
+            response = await client.get(
+                "/api/v1/sessions/me",
+                headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {user_token}"}
+            )
+
+            # Should still succeed (exception is caught and ignored in try/except at line 77)
+            assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_200_OK
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_list_sessions_database_error(self, client, user_token):
+        """Test list_sessions handles database errors (covers lines 104-106)."""
+        from unittest.mock import patch
+        from app.crud import session as session_module
+
+        with patch.object(session_module.session, 'get_user_sessions', side_effect=Exception("Database error")):
+            response = await client.get(
+                "/api/v1/sessions/me",
+                headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {user_token}"}
+            )
+
+            assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR
+            data = response.json()
+            # The global exception handler wraps it in errors array
+            assert data["errors"][0]["message"] == "Failed to retrieve sessions"
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_revoke_session_database_error(self, client, user_token, async_test_db, async_test_user):
+        """Test revoke_session handles database errors (covers lines 181-183)."""
+        from unittest.mock import patch
+        from uuid import uuid4
+        from app.crud import session as session_module
+
+        # First create a session to revoke
+        from app.crud.session import session as session_crud
+        from app.schemas.sessions import SessionCreate
+        from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
+
+        test_engine, AsyncTestingSessionLocal = async_test_db
+
+        async with AsyncTestingSessionLocal() as db:
+            session_in = SessionCreate(
+                user_id=async_test_user.id,
+                refresh_token_jti=str(uuid4()),
+                device_name="Test Device",
+                ip_address="192.168.1.1",
+                user_agent="Mozilla/5.0",
+                last_used_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc),
+                expires_at=datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(days=60)
+            )
+            user_session = await session_crud.create_session(db, obj_in=session_in)
+            session_id = user_session.id
+
+        # Mock the deactivate method to raise an exception
+        with patch.object(session_module.session, 'deactivate', side_effect=Exception("Database connection lost")):
+            response = await client.delete(
+                f"/api/v1/sessions/{session_id}",
+                headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {user_token}"}
+            )
+
+            assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR
+            data = response.json()
+            assert data["errors"][0]["message"] == "Failed to revoke session"
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_cleanup_expired_sessions_database_error(self, client, user_token):
+        """Test cleanup_expired_sessions handles database errors (covers lines 233-236)."""
+        from unittest.mock import patch
+        from app.crud import session as session_module
+
+        with patch.object(session_module.session, 'cleanup_expired_for_user', side_effect=Exception("Cleanup failed")):
+            response = await client.delete(
+                "/api/v1/sessions/me/expired",
+                headers={"Authorization": f"Bearer {user_token}"}
+            )
+
+            assert response.status_code == status.HTTP_500_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR
+            data = response.json()
+            assert data["errors"][0]["message"] == "Failed to cleanup sessions"
diff --git a/backend/tests/crud/test_organization.py b/backend/tests/crud/test_organization.py
index db76f64..935f4dd 100644
--- a/backend/tests/crud/test_organization.py
+++ b/backend/tests/crud/test_organization.py
@@ -6,6 +6,7 @@ import pytest
 from uuid import uuid4
 from sqlalchemy import select
 from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
+from unittest.mock import patch, AsyncMock, MagicMock
 
 from app.crud.organization import organization as organization_crud
 from app.models.organization import Organization
@@ -942,3 +943,193 @@ class TestIsUserOrgAdmin:
             )
 
             assert is_admin is False
+
+
+class TestOrganizationExceptionHandlers:
+    """
+    Test exception handlers in organization CRUD methods.
+    Uses mocks to trigger database errors and verify proper error handling.
+    Covers lines: 33-35, 57-62, 114-116, 130-132, 207-209, 258-260, 291-294, 326-329, 385-387, 409-411, 466-468, 491-493
+    """
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_get_by_slug_database_error(self, async_test_db):
+        """Test get_by_slug handles database errors (covers lines 33-35)."""
+        test_engine, AsyncTestingSessionLocal = async_test_db
+
+        async with AsyncTestingSessionLocal() as session:
+            with patch.object(session, 'execute', side_effect=Exception("Database connection lost")):
+                with pytest.raises(Exception, match="Database connection lost"):
+                    await organization_crud.get_by_slug(session, slug="test-slug")
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_create_integrity_error_non_slug(self, async_test_db):
+        """Test create with non-slug IntegrityError (covers lines 56-57)."""
+        from sqlalchemy.exc import IntegrityError
+        test_engine, AsyncTestingSessionLocal = async_test_db
+
+        async with AsyncTestingSessionLocal() as session:
+            async def mock_commit():
+                error = IntegrityError("statement", {}, Exception("foreign key constraint failed"))
+                error.orig = Exception("foreign key constraint failed")
+                raise error
+
+            with patch.object(session, 'commit', side_effect=mock_commit):
+                with patch.object(session, 'rollback', new_callable=AsyncMock):
+                    org_in = OrganizationCreate(name="Test", slug="test")
+                    with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Database integrity error"):
+                        await organization_crud.create(session, obj_in=org_in)
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_create_unexpected_error(self, async_test_db):
+        """Test create with unexpected exception (covers lines 58-62)."""
+        test_engine, AsyncTestingSessionLocal = async_test_db
+
+        async with AsyncTestingSessionLocal() as session:
+            with patch.object(session, 'commit', side_effect=RuntimeError("Unexpected error")):
+                with patch.object(session, 'rollback', new_callable=AsyncMock):
+                    org_in = OrganizationCreate(name="Test", slug="test")
+                    with pytest.raises(RuntimeError, match="Unexpected error"):
+                        await organization_crud.create(session, obj_in=org_in)
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_get_multi_with_filters_database_error(self, async_test_db):
+        """Test get_multi_with_filters handles database errors (covers lines 114-116)."""
+        test_engine, AsyncTestingSessionLocal = async_test_db
+
+        async with AsyncTestingSessionLocal() as session:
+            with patch.object(session, 'execute', side_effect=Exception("Query timeout")):
+                with pytest.raises(Exception, match="Query timeout"):
+                    await organization_crud.get_multi_with_filters(session)
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_get_member_count_database_error(self, async_test_db):
+        """Test get_member_count handles database errors (covers lines 130-132)."""
+        from uuid import uuid4
+        test_engine, AsyncTestingSessionLocal = async_test_db
+
+        async with AsyncTestingSessionLocal() as session:
+            with patch.object(session, 'execute', side_effect=Exception("Count query failed")):
+                with pytest.raises(Exception, match="Count query failed"):
+                    await organization_crud.get_member_count(session, organization_id=uuid4())
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_get_multi_with_member_counts_database_error(self, async_test_db):
+        """Test get_multi_with_member_counts handles database errors (covers lines 207-209)."""
+        test_engine, AsyncTestingSessionLocal = async_test_db
+
+        async with AsyncTestingSessionLocal() as session:
+            with patch.object(session, 'execute', side_effect=Exception("Complex query failed")):
+                with pytest.raises(Exception, match="Complex query failed"):
+                    await organization_crud.get_multi_with_member_counts(session)
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_add_user_integrity_error(self, async_test_db, async_test_user):
+        """Test add_user with IntegrityError (covers lines 258-260)."""
+        from sqlalchemy.exc import IntegrityError
+        from unittest.mock import MagicMock
+        test_engine, AsyncTestingSessionLocal = async_test_db
+
+        async with AsyncTestingSessionLocal() as session:
+            # First create org
+            org = Organization(name="Test Org", slug="test-org")
+            session.add(org)
+            await session.commit()
+            org_id = org.id
+
+        async with AsyncTestingSessionLocal() as session:
+            async def mock_commit():
+                raise IntegrityError("statement", {}, Exception("constraint failed"))
+
+            # Mock execute to return None (no existing relationship)
+            async def mock_execute(*args, **kwargs):
+                result = MagicMock()
+                result.scalar_one_or_none = MagicMock(return_value=None)
+                return result
+
+            with patch.object(session, 'execute', side_effect=mock_execute):
+                with patch.object(session, 'commit', side_effect=mock_commit):
+                    with patch.object(session, 'rollback', new_callable=AsyncMock):
+                        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="Failed to add user to organization"):
+                            await organization_crud.add_user(
+                                session,
+                                organization_id=org_id,
+                                user_id=async_test_user.id
+                            )
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_remove_user_database_error(self, async_test_db, async_test_user):
+        """Test remove_user handles database errors (covers lines 291-294)."""
+        from uuid import uuid4
+        test_engine, AsyncTestingSessionLocal = async_test_db
+
+        async with AsyncTestingSessionLocal() as session:
+            with patch.object(session, 'execute', side_effect=Exception("Delete failed")):
+                with pytest.raises(Exception, match="Delete failed"):
+                    await organization_crud.remove_user(
+                        session,
+                        organization_id=uuid4(),
+                        user_id=async_test_user.id
+                    )
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_update_user_role_database_error(self, async_test_db, async_test_user):
+        """Test update_user_role handles database errors (covers lines 326-329)."""
+        from uuid import uuid4
+        test_engine, AsyncTestingSessionLocal = async_test_db
+
+        async with AsyncTestingSessionLocal() as session:
+            with patch.object(session, 'execute', side_effect=Exception("Update failed")):
+                with pytest.raises(Exception, match="Update failed"):
+                    await organization_crud.update_user_role(
+                        session,
+                        organization_id=uuid4(),
+                        user_id=async_test_user.id,
+                        role=OrganizationRole.ADMIN
+                    )
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_get_organization_members_database_error(self, async_test_db):
+        """Test get_organization_members handles database errors (covers lines 385-387)."""
+        from uuid import uuid4
+        test_engine, AsyncTestingSessionLocal = async_test_db
+
+        async with AsyncTestingSessionLocal() as session:
+            with patch.object(session, 'execute', side_effect=Exception("Members query failed")):
+                with pytest.raises(Exception, match="Members query failed"):
+                    await organization_crud.get_organization_members(session, organization_id=uuid4())
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_get_user_organizations_database_error(self, async_test_db, async_test_user):
+        """Test get_user_organizations handles database errors (covers lines 409-411)."""
+        test_engine, AsyncTestingSessionLocal = async_test_db
+
+        async with AsyncTestingSessionLocal() as session:
+            with patch.object(session, 'execute', side_effect=Exception("User orgs query failed")):
+                with pytest.raises(Exception, match="User orgs query failed"):
+                    await organization_crud.get_user_organizations(session, user_id=async_test_user.id)
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_get_user_organizations_with_details_database_error(self, async_test_db, async_test_user):
+        """Test get_user_organizations_with_details handles database errors (covers lines 466-468)."""
+        test_engine, AsyncTestingSessionLocal = async_test_db
+
+        async with AsyncTestingSessionLocal() as session:
+            with patch.object(session, 'execute', side_effect=Exception("Details query failed")):
+                with pytest.raises(Exception, match="Details query failed"):
+                    await organization_crud.get_user_organizations_with_details(session, user_id=async_test_user.id)
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_get_user_role_in_org_database_error(self, async_test_db, async_test_user):
+        """Test get_user_role_in_org handles database errors (covers lines 491-493)."""
+        from uuid import uuid4
+        test_engine, AsyncTestingSessionLocal = async_test_db
+
+        async with AsyncTestingSessionLocal() as session:
+            with patch.object(session, 'execute', side_effect=Exception("Role query failed")):
+                with pytest.raises(Exception, match="Role query failed"):
+                    await organization_crud.get_user_role_in_org(
+                        session,
+                        user_id=async_test_user.id,
+                        organization_id=uuid4()
+                    )
diff --git a/backend/tests/crud/test_user.py b/backend/tests/crud/test_user.py
index ba92b99..b6f27de 100644
--- a/backend/tests/crud/test_user.py
+++ b/backend/tests/crud/test_user.py
@@ -642,3 +642,54 @@ class TestUtilityMethods:
         async with AsyncTestingSessionLocal() as session:
             user = await user_crud.get(session, id=str(async_test_user.id))
             assert user_crud.is_superuser(user) is False
+
+
+class TestUserExceptionHandlers:
+    """
+    Test exception handlers in user CRUD methods.
+    Covers lines: 30-32, 205-208, 257-260
+    """
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_get_by_email_database_error(self, async_test_db):
+        """Test get_by_email handles database errors (covers lines 30-32)."""
+        from unittest.mock import patch
+        test_engine, AsyncTestingSessionLocal = async_test_db
+
+        async with AsyncTestingSessionLocal() as session:
+            with patch.object(session, 'execute', side_effect=Exception("Database query failed")):
+                with pytest.raises(Exception, match="Database query failed"):
+                    await user_crud.get_by_email(session, email="test@example.com")
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_bulk_update_status_database_error(self, async_test_db, async_test_user):
+        """Test bulk_update_status handles database errors (covers lines 205-208)."""
+        from unittest.mock import patch, AsyncMock
+        test_engine, AsyncTestingSessionLocal = async_test_db
+
+        async with AsyncTestingSessionLocal() as session:
+            # Mock execute to fail
+            with patch.object(session, 'execute', side_effect=Exception("Bulk update failed")):
+                with patch.object(session, 'rollback', new_callable=AsyncMock):
+                    with pytest.raises(Exception, match="Bulk update failed"):
+                        await user_crud.bulk_update_status(
+                            session,
+                            user_ids=[async_test_user.id],
+                            is_active=False
+                        )
+
+    @pytest.mark.asyncio
+    async def test_bulk_soft_delete_database_error(self, async_test_db, async_test_user):
+        """Test bulk_soft_delete handles database errors (covers lines 257-260)."""
+        from unittest.mock import patch, AsyncMock
+        test_engine, AsyncTestingSessionLocal = async_test_db
+
+        async with AsyncTestingSessionLocal() as session:
+            # Mock execute to fail
+            with patch.object(session, 'execute', side_effect=Exception("Bulk delete failed")):
+                with patch.object(session, 'rollback', new_callable=AsyncMock):
+                    with pytest.raises(Exception, match="Bulk delete failed"):
+                        await user_crud.bulk_soft_delete(
+                            session,
+                            user_ids=[async_test_user.id]
+                        )
diff --git a/backend/tests/schemas/test_organizations.py b/backend/tests/schemas/test_organizations.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..b4e00c6
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/tests/schemas/test_organizations.py
@@ -0,0 +1,187 @@
+"""
+Tests for organization schemas (app/schemas/organizations.py).
+
+Covers Pydantic validators for:
+- Slug validation (lines 26, 28, 30, 32, 62-70)
+- Name validation (lines 40, 77)
+"""
+import pytest
+from pydantic import ValidationError
+
+from app.schemas.organizations import (
+    OrganizationBase,
+    OrganizationCreate,
+    OrganizationUpdate,
+)
+
+
+class TestOrganizationBaseValidators:
+    """Test validators in OrganizationBase schema."""
+
+    def test_valid_organization_base(self):
+        """Test that valid data passes validation."""
+        org = OrganizationBase(
+            name="Test Organization",
+            slug="test-org"
+        )
+        assert org.name == "Test Organization"
+        assert org.slug == "test-org"
+
+    def test_slug_none_returns_none(self):
+        """Test that None slug is allowed (covers line 26)."""
+        org = OrganizationBase(
+            name="Test Organization",
+            slug=None
+        )
+        assert org.slug is None
+
+    def test_slug_invalid_characters_rejected(self):
+        """Test slug with invalid characters is rejected (covers line 28)."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+            OrganizationBase(
+                name="Test Organization",
+                slug="Test_Org!"  # Uppercase and special chars
+            )
+        errors = exc_info.value.errors()
+        assert any("lowercase letters, numbers, and hyphens" in str(e['msg']) for e in errors)
+
+    def test_slug_starts_with_hyphen_rejected(self):
+        """Test slug starting with hyphen is rejected (covers line 30)."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+            OrganizationBase(
+                name="Test Organization",
+                slug="-test-org"
+            )
+        errors = exc_info.value.errors()
+        assert any("cannot start or end with a hyphen" in str(e['msg']) for e in errors)
+
+    def test_slug_ends_with_hyphen_rejected(self):
+        """Test slug ending with hyphen is rejected (covers line 30)."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+            OrganizationBase(
+                name="Test Organization",
+                slug="test-org-"
+            )
+        errors = exc_info.value.errors()
+        assert any("cannot start or end with a hyphen" in str(e['msg']) for e in errors)
+
+    def test_slug_consecutive_hyphens_rejected(self):
+        """Test slug with consecutive hyphens is rejected (covers line 32)."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+            OrganizationBase(
+                name="Test Organization",
+                slug="test--org"
+            )
+        errors = exc_info.value.errors()
+        assert any("cannot contain consecutive hyphens" in str(e['msg']) for e in errors)
+
+    def test_name_whitespace_only_rejected(self):
+        """Test whitespace-only name is rejected (covers line 40)."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+            OrganizationBase(
+                name="   ",
+                slug="test-org"
+            )
+        errors = exc_info.value.errors()
+        assert any("name cannot be empty" in str(e['msg']) for e in errors)
+
+    def test_name_trimmed(self):
+        """Test that name is trimmed."""
+        org = OrganizationBase(
+            name="  Test Organization  ",
+            slug="test-org"
+        )
+        assert org.name == "Test Organization"
+
+
+class TestOrganizationCreateValidators:
+    """Test OrganizationCreate schema inherits validators."""
+
+    def test_valid_organization_create(self):
+        """Test that valid data passes validation."""
+        org = OrganizationCreate(
+            name="Test Organization",
+            slug="test-org"
+        )
+        assert org.name == "Test Organization"
+        assert org.slug == "test-org"
+
+    def test_slug_validation_inherited(self):
+        """Test that slug validation is inherited from base."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+            OrganizationCreate(
+                name="Test",
+                slug="Invalid_Slug!"
+            )
+        errors = exc_info.value.errors()
+        assert any("lowercase letters, numbers, and hyphens" in str(e['msg']) for e in errors)
+
+
+class TestOrganizationUpdateValidators:
+    """Test validators in OrganizationUpdate schema."""
+
+    def test_valid_organization_update(self):
+        """Test that valid update data passes validation."""
+        org = OrganizationUpdate(
+            name="Updated Name",
+            slug="updated-slug"
+        )
+        assert org.name == "Updated Name"
+        assert org.slug == "updated-slug"
+
+    def test_slug_none_returns_none(self):
+        """Test that None slug is allowed in update (covers line 62)."""
+        org = OrganizationUpdate(slug=None)
+        assert org.slug is None
+
+    def test_update_slug_invalid_characters_rejected(self):
+        """Test update slug with invalid characters is rejected (covers line 64)."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+            OrganizationUpdate(slug="Test_Org!")
+        errors = exc_info.value.errors()
+        assert any("lowercase letters, numbers, and hyphens" in str(e['msg']) for e in errors)
+
+    def test_update_slug_starts_with_hyphen_rejected(self):
+        """Test update slug starting with hyphen is rejected (covers line 66)."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+            OrganizationUpdate(slug="-test-org")
+        errors = exc_info.value.errors()
+        assert any("cannot start or end with a hyphen" in str(e['msg']) for e in errors)
+
+    def test_update_slug_ends_with_hyphen_rejected(self):
+        """Test update slug ending with hyphen is rejected (covers line 66)."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+            OrganizationUpdate(slug="test-org-")
+        errors = exc_info.value.errors()
+        assert any("cannot start or end with a hyphen" in str(e['msg']) for e in errors)
+
+    def test_update_slug_consecutive_hyphens_rejected(self):
+        """Test update slug with consecutive hyphens is rejected (covers line 68)."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+            OrganizationUpdate(slug="test--org")
+        errors = exc_info.value.errors()
+        assert any("cannot contain consecutive hyphens" in str(e['msg']) for e in errors)
+
+    def test_update_name_whitespace_only_rejected(self):
+        """Test whitespace-only name in update is rejected (covers line 77)."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValidationError) as exc_info:
+            OrganizationUpdate(name="   ")
+        errors = exc_info.value.errors()
+        assert any("name cannot be empty" in str(e['msg']) for e in errors)
+
+    def test_update_name_none_allowed(self):
+        """Test that None name is allowed in update."""
+        org = OrganizationUpdate(name=None)
+        assert org.name is None
+
+    def test_update_name_trimmed(self):
+        """Test that update name is trimmed."""
+        org = OrganizationUpdate(name="  Updated Name  ")
+        assert org.name == "Updated Name"
+
+    def test_partial_update(self):
+        """Test that partial updates work (all fields optional)."""
+        org = OrganizationUpdate(name="New Name")
+        assert org.name == "New Name"
+        assert org.slug is None
+        assert org.description is None
diff --git a/backend/tests/schemas/test_validators.py b/backend/tests/schemas/test_validators.py
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..c5f10da
--- /dev/null
+++ b/backend/tests/schemas/test_validators.py
@@ -0,0 +1,216 @@
+"""
+Tests for schema validators (app/schemas/validators.py).
+
+Covers all edge cases in validation functions:
+- validate_password_strength
+- validate_phone_number (lines 115, 119)
+- validate_email_format (line 148)
+- validate_slug (lines 170-183)
+"""
+import pytest
+
+from app.schemas.validators import (
+    validate_password_strength,
+    validate_phone_number,
+    validate_email_format,
+    validate_slug,
+)
+
+
+class TestPasswordStrengthValidator:
+    """Test password strength validation."""
+
+    def test_valid_strong_password(self):
+        """Test that a strong password passes validation."""
+        password = "MySecureP@ss123"
+        result = validate_password_strength(password)
+        assert result == password
+
+    def test_password_too_short(self):
+        """Test that password shorter than 12 characters is rejected."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="at least 12 characters long"):
+            validate_password_strength("Short1!")
+
+    def test_common_password_rejected(self):
+        """Test that common passwords are rejected."""
+        # "password1234" is in COMMON_PASSWORDS and is 12 chars
+        # Common password check happens before character type checks
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="too common"):
+            validate_password_strength("password1234")
+
+    def test_password_missing_lowercase(self):
+        """Test that password without lowercase is rejected."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="at least one lowercase letter"):
+            validate_password_strength("ALLUPPERCASE123!")
+
+    def test_password_missing_uppercase(self):
+        """Test that password without uppercase is rejected."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="at least one uppercase letter"):
+            validate_password_strength("alllowercase123!")
+
+    def test_password_missing_digit(self):
+        """Test that password without digit is rejected."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="at least one digit"):
+            validate_password_strength("NoDigitsHere!")
+
+    def test_password_missing_special_char(self):
+        """Test that password without special character is rejected."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="at least one special character"):
+            validate_password_strength("NoSpecialChar123")
+
+
+class TestPhoneNumberValidator:
+    """Test phone number validation."""
+
+    def test_valid_international_format(self):
+        """Test valid international phone number."""
+        result = validate_phone_number("+12345678901")
+        assert result == "+12345678901"
+
+    def test_valid_local_format(self):
+        """Test valid local phone number."""
+        result = validate_phone_number("0123456789")
+        assert result == "0123456789"
+
+    def test_valid_with_formatting(self):
+        """Test phone number with formatting characters."""
+        result = validate_phone_number("+1 (555) 123-4567")
+        assert result == "+15551234567"
+
+    def test_none_returns_none(self):
+        """Test that None input returns None."""
+        result = validate_phone_number(None)
+        assert result is None
+
+    def test_empty_string_rejected(self):
+        """Test that empty string is rejected."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="cannot be empty"):
+            validate_phone_number("")
+
+    def test_whitespace_only_rejected(self):
+        """Test that whitespace-only string is rejected."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="cannot be empty"):
+            validate_phone_number("   ")
+
+    def test_invalid_prefix_rejected(self):
+        """Test that invalid prefix is rejected."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="must start with \\+ or 0"):
+            validate_phone_number("12345678901")
+
+    def test_too_short_rejected(self):
+        """Test that too-short phone number is rejected."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="must start with \\+ or 0"):
+            validate_phone_number("+1234567")  # Only 7 digits after +
+
+    def test_too_long_rejected(self):
+        """Test that too-long phone number is rejected."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="must start with \\+ or 0"):
+            validate_phone_number("+123456789012345")  # 15 digits after +
+
+    def test_multiple_plus_symbols_rejected(self):
+        """Test phone number with multiple + symbols.
+
+        Note: Line 115 is defensive code - the regex check at line 110 catches this first.
+        The regex ^(?:\+[0-9]{8,14}|0[0-9]{8,14})$ only allows + at the start.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="must start with \\+ or 0 followed by 8-14 digits"):
+            validate_phone_number("+1234+5678901")
+
+    def test_non_digit_after_prefix_rejected(self):
+        """Test phone number with non-digit characters after prefix.
+
+        Note: Line 119 is defensive code - the regex check at line 110 catches this first.
+        The regex requires all digits after the prefix.
+        """
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="must start with \\+ or 0"):
+            validate_phone_number("+123abc45678")
+
+
+class TestEmailFormatValidator:
+    """Test email format validation."""
+
+    def test_valid_email_lowercase(self):
+        """Test valid lowercase email."""
+        result = validate_email_format("test@example.com")
+        assert result == "test@example.com"
+
+    def test_email_normalized_to_lowercase(self):
+        """Test email is normalized to lowercase (covers line 148)."""
+        result = validate_email_format("Test@Example.COM")
+        assert result == "test@example.com"
+
+    def test_email_with_uppercase_domain(self):
+        """Test email with uppercase domain is normalized."""
+        result = validate_email_format("user@EXAMPLE.COM")
+        assert result == "user@example.com"
+
+
+class TestSlugValidator:
+    """Test slug validation."""
+
+    def test_valid_slug_lowercase_letters(self):
+        """Test valid slug with lowercase letters."""
+        result = validate_slug("test-slug")
+        assert result == "test-slug"
+
+    def test_valid_slug_with_numbers(self):
+        """Test valid slug with numbers."""
+        result = validate_slug("test-123")
+        assert result == "test-123"
+
+    def test_valid_slug_minimal_length(self):
+        """Test valid slug with minimal length (2 characters)."""
+        result = validate_slug("ab")
+        assert result == "ab"
+
+    def test_empty_slug_rejected(self):
+        """Test empty slug is rejected (covers line 170)."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="at least 2 characters long"):
+            validate_slug("")
+
+    def test_single_character_slug_rejected(self):
+        """Test single character slug is rejected (covers line 170)."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="at least 2 characters long"):
+            validate_slug("a")
+
+    def test_slug_too_long_rejected(self):
+        """Test slug longer than 50 characters is rejected (covers line 173)."""
+        long_slug = "a" * 51
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="at most 50 characters long"):
+            validate_slug(long_slug)
+
+    def test_slug_max_length_accepted(self):
+        """Test slug with exactly 50 characters is accepted."""
+        max_slug = "a" * 50
+        result = validate_slug(max_slug)
+        assert result == max_slug
+
+    def test_slug_starts_with_hyphen_rejected(self):
+        """Test slug starting with hyphen is rejected (covers line 177)."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="cannot start or end with a hyphen"):
+            validate_slug("-test")
+
+    def test_slug_ends_with_hyphen_rejected(self):
+        """Test slug ending with hyphen is rejected (covers line 177)."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="cannot start or end with a hyphen"):
+            validate_slug("test-")
+
+    def test_slug_consecutive_hyphens_rejected(self):
+        """Test slug with consecutive hyphens is rejected (covers line 177)."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="cannot contain consecutive hyphens"):
+            validate_slug("test--slug")
+
+    def test_slug_uppercase_letters_rejected(self):
+        """Test slug with uppercase letters is rejected (covers line 177)."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="only contain lowercase letters"):
+            validate_slug("Test-Slug")
+
+    def test_slug_special_characters_rejected(self):
+        """Test slug with special characters is rejected (covers line 177)."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="only contain lowercase letters"):
+            validate_slug("test_slug")
+
+    def test_slug_spaces_rejected(self):
+        """Test slug with spaces is rejected (covers line 177)."""
+        with pytest.raises(ValueError, match="only contain lowercase letters"):
+            validate_slug("test slug")