Update E2E test for security headers to include worker-src validation

- Implemented tests to verify OWASP-compliant security headers, including X-Frame-Options, X-Content-Type-Options, Referrer-Policy, Permissions-Policy, and Content-Security-Policy.
- Ensured deprecated headers like X-XSS-Protection are not set.
- Validated security headers across multiple routes.
- Updated Playwright configuration to include the new test suite.

frontend/e2e/security-headers.spec.ts

@@ -0,0 +1,62 @@
+/**
+ * E2E Tests for Security Headers
+ * Verifies that security headers are properly configured per OWASP 2025 recommendations
+ *
+ * References:
+ * - https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/HTTP_Headers_Cheat_Sheet.html
+ * - https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/headers
+ */
+
+import { test, expect } from '@playwright/test';
+
+test.describe('Security Headers', () => {
+  test('should include all required security headers', async ({ request }) => {
+    const response = await request.get('/');
+    const headers = response.headers();
+
+    // X-Frame-Options: Prevents clickjacking attacks
+    expect(headers['x-frame-options']).toBe('DENY');
+
+    // X-Content-Type-Options: Prevents MIME type sniffing
+    expect(headers['x-content-type-options']).toBe('nosniff');
+
+    // Referrer-Policy: Controls referrer information leakage
+    expect(headers['referrer-policy']).toBe('strict-origin-when-cross-origin');
+
+    // Permissions-Policy: Restricts browser features
+    expect(headers['permissions-policy']).toContain('camera=()');
+    expect(headers['permissions-policy']).toContain('microphone=()');
+    expect(headers['permissions-policy']).toContain('geolocation=()');
+
+    // Content-Security-Policy: Mitigates XSS and injection attacks
+    const csp = headers['content-security-policy'];
+    expect(csp).toBeDefined();
+    expect(csp).toContain("default-src 'self'");
+    expect(csp).toContain("frame-ancestors 'none'");
+    expect(csp).toContain("object-src 'none'");
+    expect(csp).toContain("worker-src 'self' blob:"); // Required for MSW
+  });
+
+  test('should NOT include deprecated security headers', async ({ request }) => {
+    const response = await request.get('/');
+    const headers = response.headers();
+
+    // X-XSS-Protection is deprecated and should not be set
+    // (Modern browsers have removed support, can cause security issues)
+    expect(headers['x-xss-protection']).toBeUndefined();
+  });
+
+  test('security headers should be present on all routes', async ({ request }) => {
+    const routes = ['/', '/en', '/en/login', '/en/register'];
+
+    for (const route of routes) {
+      const response = await request.get(route);
+      const headers = response.headers();
+
+      expect(headers['x-frame-options'], `Missing X-Frame-Options on ${route}`).toBe('DENY');
+      expect(headers['x-content-type-options'], `Missing X-Content-Type-Options on ${route}`).toBe(
+        'nosniff'
+      );
+    }
+  });
+});

frontend/next.config.ts

@@ -4,8 +4,76 @@ import createNextIntlPlugin from 'next-intl/plugin';
 // Initialize next-intl plugin with i18n request config path
 const withNextIntl = createNextIntlPlugin('./src/lib/i18n/request.ts');
 
+/**
+ * Security Headers Configuration (OWASP 2025 recommendations)
+ *
+ * References:
+ * - https://cheatsheetseries.owasp.org/cheatsheets/HTTP_Headers_Cheat_Sheet.html
+ * - https://nextjs.org/docs/app/api-reference/config/next-config-js/headers
+ *
+ * Note: X-XSS-Protection is intentionally omitted (deprecated, removed from browsers)
+ * Note: Strict CSP requires dynamic rendering with nonces - not implemented here
+ */
+const securityHeaders = [
+  {
+    // Prevents clickjacking by denying iframe embedding
+    // Also handled by CSP frame-ancestors, but X-Frame-Options provides legacy browser support
+    key: 'X-Frame-Options',
+    value: 'DENY',
+  },
+  {
+    // Prevents MIME type sniffing attacks
+    key: 'X-Content-Type-Options',
+    value: 'nosniff',
+  },
+  {
+    // Controls how much referrer information is sent with requests
+    // 'strict-origin-when-cross-origin' is the recommended balance of privacy and functionality
+    key: 'Referrer-Policy',
+    value: 'strict-origin-when-cross-origin',
+  },
+  {
+    // Disables browser features that aren't needed
+    // Add features back as needed: camera=self, microphone=self, etc.
+    key: 'Permissions-Policy',
+    value: 'camera=(), microphone=(), geolocation=(), browsing-topics=()',
+  },
+  {
+    // Basic CSP that works with inline scripts/styles (required for theme init and Tailwind)
+    // For strict CSP with nonces, use proxy.ts with dynamic rendering
+    // frame-ancestors 'none' duplicates X-Frame-Options for modern browsers
+    key: 'Content-Security-Policy',
+    value: [
+      "default-src 'self'",
+      "script-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline' 'unsafe-eval'", // unsafe-eval needed for MSW in dev
+      "style-src 'self' 'unsafe-inline'", // Required for Tailwind and styled components
+      "img-src 'self' blob: data: https:", // Allow images from HTTPS sources
+      "font-src 'self'",
+      "connect-src 'self' http://localhost:* ws://localhost:*", // API + HMR websocket
+      "worker-src 'self' blob:", // Required for MSW service worker in demo mode
+      "child-src 'self' blob:", // For service worker registration
+      "object-src 'none'",
+      "base-uri 'self'",
+      "form-action 'self'",
+      "frame-ancestors 'none'",
+    ].join('; '),
+  },
+];
+
 const nextConfig: NextConfig = {
   output: 'standalone',
+
+  // Security headers applied to all routes
+  async headers() {
+    return [
+      {
+        // Apply to all routes
+        source: '/(.*)',
+        headers: securityHeaders,
+      },
+    ];
+  },
+
   // Ensure we can connect to the backend in Docker
   async rewrites() {
     return [
@@ -15,6 +83,7 @@ const nextConfig: NextConfig = {
       },
     ];
   },
+
   // Production optimizations
   reactStrictMode: true,
   // Note: SWC minification is default in Next.js 16

frontend/package-lock.json

@@ -2286,9 +2286,9 @@
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/js-yaml/-/js-yaml-3.14.2.tgz",
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@@ -2917,9 +2917,9 @@
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+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@next/env/-/env-16.0.8.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-xP4WrQZuj9MdmLJy3eWFHepo+R3vznsMSS8Dy3wdA7FKpjCiesQ6DxZvdGziQisj0tEtCgBKJzjcAc4yZOgLEQ==",
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@@ -2933,9 +2933,9 @@
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+      "version": "16.0.8",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@next/swc-darwin-arm64/-/swc-darwin-arm64-16.0.8.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-yjVMvTQN21ZHOclQnhSFbjBTEizle+1uo4NV6L4rtS9WO3nfjaeJYw+H91G+nEf3Ef43TaEZvY5mPWfB/De7tA==",
       "cpu": [
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@@ -2949,9 +2949,9 @@
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-      "version": "16.0.3",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@next/swc-darwin-x64/-/swc-darwin-x64-16.0.3.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-i70C4O1VmbTivYdRlk+5lj9xRc2BlK3oUikt3yJeHT1unL4LsNtN7UiOhVanFdc7vDAgZn1tV/9mQwMkWOJvHg==",
+      "version": "16.0.8",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@next/swc-darwin-x64/-/swc-darwin-x64-16.0.8.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-+zu2N3QQ0ZOb6RyqQKfcu/pn0UPGmg+mUDqpAAEviAcEVEYgDckemOpiMRsBP3IsEKpcoKuNzekDcPczEeEIzA==",
       "cpu": [
         "x64"
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@@ -2965,9 +2965,9 @@
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     },
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-      "version": "16.0.3",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@next/swc-linux-arm64-gnu/-/swc-linux-arm64-gnu-16.0.3.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-O88gCZ95sScwD00mn/AtalyCoykhhlokxH/wi1huFK+rmiP5LAYVs/i2ruk7xST6SuXN4NI5y4Xf5vepb2jf6A==",
+      "version": "16.0.8",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@next/swc-linux-arm64-gnu/-/swc-linux-arm64-gnu-16.0.8.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-LConttk+BeD0e6RG0jGEP9GfvdaBVMYsLJ5aDDweKiJVVCu6sGvo+Ohz9nQhvj7EQDVVRJMCGhl19DmJwGr6bQ==",
       "cpu": [
         "arm64"
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@@ -2981,9 +2981,9 @@
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     },
     "node_modules/@next/swc-linux-arm64-musl": {
-      "version": "16.0.3",
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+      "version": "16.0.8",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@next/swc-linux-arm64-musl/-/swc-linux-arm64-musl-16.0.8.tgz",
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@@ -2997,9 +2997,9 @@
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+      "version": "16.0.8",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@next/swc-linux-x64-gnu/-/swc-linux-x64-gnu-16.0.8.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-O7M9it6HyNhsJp3HNAsJoHk5BUsfj7hRshfptpGcVsPZ1u0KQ/oVy8oxF7tlwxA5tR43VUP0yRmAGm1us514ng==",
       "cpu": [
         "x64"
       ],
@@ -3013,9 +3013,9 @@
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-      "version": "16.0.3",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@next/swc-linux-x64-musl/-/swc-linux-x64-musl-16.0.3.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-zTh03Z/5PBBPdTurgEtr6nY0vI9KR9Ifp/jZCcHlODzwVOEKcKRBtQIGrkc7izFgOMuXDEJBmirwpGqdM/ZixA==",
+      "version": "16.0.8",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@next/swc-linux-x64-musl/-/swc-linux-x64-musl-16.0.8.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-8+KClEC/GLI2dLYcrWwHu5JyC5cZYCFnccVIvmxpo6K+XQt4qzqM5L4coofNDZYkct/VCCyJWGbZZDsg6w6LFA==",
       "cpu": [
         "x64"
       ],
@@ -3029,9 +3029,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@next/swc-win32-arm64-msvc": {
-      "version": "16.0.3",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@next/swc-win32-arm64-msvc/-/swc-win32-arm64-msvc-16.0.3.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-Jc1EHxtZovcJcg5zU43X3tuqzl/sS+CmLgjRP28ZT4vk869Ncm2NoF8qSTaL99gh6uOzgM99Shct06pSO6kA6g==",
+      "version": "16.0.8",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@next/swc-win32-arm64-msvc/-/swc-win32-arm64-msvc-16.0.8.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-rpQ/PgTEgH68SiXmhu/cJ2hk9aZ6YgFvspzQWe2I9HufY6g7V02DXRr/xrVqOaKm2lenBFPNQ+KAaeveywqV+A==",
       "cpu": [
         "arm64"
       ],
@@ -3045,9 +3045,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/@next/swc-win32-x64-msvc": {
-      "version": "16.0.3",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@next/swc-win32-x64-msvc/-/swc-win32-x64-msvc-16.0.3.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-N7EJ6zbxgIYpI/sWNzpVKRMbfEGgsWuOIvzkML7wxAAZhPk1Msxuo/JDu1PKjWGrAoOLaZcIX5s+/pF5LIbBBg==",
+      "version": "16.0.8",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/@next/swc-win32-x64-msvc/-/swc-win32-x64-msvc-16.0.8.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-jWpWjWcMQu2iZz4pEK2IktcfR+OA9+cCG8zenyLpcW8rN4rzjfOzH4yj/b1FiEAZHKS+5Vq8+bZyHi+2yqHbFA==",
       "cpu": [
         "x64"
       ],
@@ -10131,9 +10131,9 @@
       "license": "ISC"
     },
     "node_modules/glob": {
-      "version": "10.4.5",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/glob/-/glob-10.4.5.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-7Bv8RF0k6xjo7d4A/PxYLbUCfb6c+Vpd2/mB2yRDlew7Jb5hEXiCD9ibfO7wpk8i4sevK6DFny9h7EYbM3/sHg==",
+      "version": "10.5.0",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/glob/-/glob-10.5.0.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-DfXN8DfhJ7NH3Oe7cFmu3NCu1wKbkReJ8TorzSAFbSKrlNaQSKfIzqYqVY8zlbs2NLBbWpRiU52GX2PbaBVNkg==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "ISC",
       "dependencies": {
@@ -10281,9 +10281,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/gray-matter/node_modules/js-yaml": {
-      "version": "3.14.1",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/js-yaml/-/js-yaml-3.14.1.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-okMH7OXXJ7YrN9Ok3/SXrnu4iX9yOk+25nqX4imS2npuvTYDmo/QEZoqwZkYaIDk3jVvBOTOIEgEhaLOynBS9g==",
+      "version": "3.14.2",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/js-yaml/-/js-yaml-3.14.2.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-PMSmkqxr106Xa156c2M265Z+FTrPl+oxd/rgOQy2tijQeK5TxQ43psO1ZCwhVOSdnn+RzkzlRz/eY4BgJBYVpg==",
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "argparse": "^1.0.7",
@@ -12513,9 +12513,9 @@
       "license": "MIT"
     },
     "node_modules/js-yaml": {
-      "version": "4.1.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/js-yaml/-/js-yaml-4.1.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-wpxZs9NoxZaJESJGIZTyDEaYpl0FKSA+FB9aJiyemKhMwkxQg63h4T1KJgUGHpTqPDNRcmmYLugrRjJlBtWvRA==",
+      "version": "4.1.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/js-yaml/-/js-yaml-4.1.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-qQKT4zQxXl8lLwBtHMWwaTcGfFOZviOJet3Oy/xmGk2gZH677CJM9EvtfdSkgWcATZhj/55JZ0rmy3myCT5lsA==",
       "dev": true,
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
@@ -13514,9 +13514,9 @@
       }
     },
     "node_modules/mdast-util-to-hast": {
-      "version": "13.2.0",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/mdast-util-to-hast/-/mdast-util-to-hast-13.2.0.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-QGYKEuUsYT9ykKBCMOEDLsU5JRObWQusAolFMeko/tYPufNkRffBAQjIE+99jbA87xv6FgmjLtwjh9wBWajwAA==",
+      "version": "13.2.1",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/mdast-util-to-hast/-/mdast-util-to-hast-13.2.1.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-cctsq2wp5vTsLIcaymblUriiTcZd0CwWtCbLvrOzYCDZoWyMNV8sZ7krj09FSnsiJi3WVsHLM4k6Dq/yaPyCXA==",
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
         "@types/hast": "^3.0.0",
@@ -14460,12 +14460,12 @@
       }
     },
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-      "version": "16.0.3",
-      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/next/-/next-16.0.3.tgz",
-      "integrity": "sha512-Ka0/iNBblPFcIubTA1Jjh6gvwqfjrGq1Y2MTI5lbjeLIAfmC+p5bQmojpRZqgHHVu5cG4+qdIiwXiBSm/8lZ3w==",
+      "version": "16.0.8",
+      "resolved": "https://registry.npmjs.org/next/-/next-16.0.8.tgz",
+      "integrity": "sha512-LmcZzG04JuzNXi48s5P+TnJBsTGPJunViNKV/iE4uM6kstjTQsQhvsAv+xF6MJxU2Pr26tl15eVbp0jQnsv6/g==",
       "license": "MIT",
       "dependencies": {
-        "@next/env": "16.0.3",
+        "@next/env": "16.0.8",
         "@swc/helpers": "0.5.15",
         "caniuse-lite": "^1.0.30001579",
         "postcss": "8.4.31",
@@ -14478,14 +14478,14 @@
         "node": ">=20.9.0"
       },
       "optionalDependencies": {
-        "@next/swc-darwin-arm64": "16.0.3",
-        "@next/swc-darwin-x64": "16.0.3",
-        "@next/swc-linux-arm64-gnu": "16.0.3",
-        "@next/swc-linux-arm64-musl": "16.0.3",
-        "@next/swc-linux-x64-gnu": "16.0.3",
-        "@next/swc-linux-x64-musl": "16.0.3",
-        "@next/swc-win32-arm64-msvc": "16.0.3",
-        "@next/swc-win32-x64-msvc": "16.0.3",
+        "@next/swc-darwin-arm64": "16.0.8",
+        "@next/swc-darwin-x64": "16.0.8",
+        "@next/swc-linux-arm64-gnu": "16.0.8",
+        "@next/swc-linux-arm64-musl": "16.0.8",
+        "@next/swc-linux-x64-gnu": "16.0.8",
+        "@next/swc-linux-x64-musl": "16.0.8",
+        "@next/swc-win32-arm64-msvc": "16.0.8",
+        "@next/swc-win32-x64-msvc": "16.0.8",
         "sharp": "^0.34.4"
       },
       "peerDependencies": {

frontend/playwright.config.ts

@@ -113,6 +113,7 @@ export default defineConfig({
         /auth-flows\.spec\.ts/,
         /auth-oauth\.spec\.ts/,
         /theme-toggle\.spec\.ts/,
+        /security-headers\.spec\.ts/,
       ],
       use: { ...devices['Desktop Chrome'] },
     },