Switch backend to uv package manager, update dependencies, and refactor Dockerfile for modern Python tooling

- Migrated dependency management to `uv` for faster, reproducible builds and added `uv.lock`.
- Updated `Dockerfile`: replaced pip with `uv`, added `uv` installation, and refined dependency installation for development and production.
- Enhanced `pyproject.toml`: reorganized dependencies, added support for `uv`.
- Updated docs and Makefile with `uv` usage instructions for streamlined setup and testing.

backend/Makefile

@@ -1,17 +1,13 @@
-.PHONY: help lint lint-fix format format-check type-check test test-cov validate clean install-dev
-
-# Virtual environment binaries
-VENV_BIN = .venv/bin
-PYTHON = $(VENV_BIN)/python
-PIP = $(VENV_BIN)/pip
-PYTEST = $(VENV_BIN)/pytest
-RUFF = $(VENV_BIN)/ruff
-MYPY = $(VENV_BIN)/mypy
+.PHONY: help lint lint-fix format format-check type-check test test-cov validate clean install-dev sync
 
 # Default target
 help:
 	@echo "🚀 FastAPI Backend - Development Commands"
 	@echo ""
+	@echo "Setup:"
+	@echo "  make install-dev   - Install all dependencies with uv (includes dev)"
+	@echo "  make sync          - Sync dependencies from uv.lock"
+	@echo ""
 	@echo "Quality Checks:"
 	@echo "  make lint          - Run Ruff linter (check only)"
 	@echo "  make lint-fix      - Run Ruff linter with auto-fix"
@@ -24,33 +20,46 @@ help:
 	@echo "  make test          - Run pytest"
 	@echo "  make test-cov      - Run pytest with coverage report"
 	@echo ""
-	@echo "Setup:"
-	@echo "  make install-dev   - Install all development dependencies"
+	@echo "Cleanup:"
 	@echo "  make clean         - Remove cache and build artifacts"
 
+# ============================================================================
+# Setup & Cleanup
+# ============================================================================
+
+install-dev:
+	@echo "📦 Installing all dependencies with uv (includes dev)..."
+	@uv sync --extra dev
+	@echo "✅ Development environment ready!"
+
+sync:
+	@echo "🔄 Syncing dependencies from uv.lock..."
+	@uv sync --extra dev
+	@echo "✅ Dependencies synced!"
+
 # ============================================================================
 # Code Quality
 # ============================================================================
 
 lint:
 	@echo "🔍 Running Ruff linter..."
-	@$(RUFF) check app/ tests/
+	@uv run ruff check app/ tests/
 
 lint-fix:
 	@echo "🔧 Running Ruff linter with auto-fix..."
-	@$(RUFF) check --fix app/ tests/
+	@uv run ruff check --fix app/ tests/
 
 format:
 	@echo "✨ Formatting code with Ruff..."
-	@$(RUFF) format app/ tests/
+	@uv run ruff format app/ tests/
 
 format-check:
 	@echo "📋 Checking code formatting..."
-	@$(RUFF) format --check app/ tests/
+	@uv run ruff format --check app/ tests/
 
 type-check:
 	@echo "🔎 Running mypy type checking..."
-	@$(MYPY) app/
+	@uv run mypy app/
 
 validate: lint format-check type-check
 	@echo "✅ All quality checks passed!"
@@ -61,22 +70,17 @@ validate: lint format-check type-check
 
 test:
 	@echo "🧪 Running tests..."
-	@IS_TEST=True PYTHONPATH=. $(PYTEST)
+	@IS_TEST=True PYTHONPATH=. uv run pytest
 
 test-cov:
 	@echo "🧪 Running tests with coverage..."
-	@IS_TEST=True PYTHONPATH=. $(PYTEST) --cov=app --cov-report=term-missing --cov-report=html -n 16
+	@IS_TEST=True PYTHONPATH=. uv run pytest --cov=app --cov-report=term-missing --cov-report=html -n 16
 	@echo "📊 Coverage report generated in htmlcov/index.html"
 
 # ============================================================================
-# Setup & Cleanup
+# Cleanup
 # ============================================================================
 
-install-dev:
-	@echo "📦 Installing development dependencies..."
-	@$(PIP) install -r requirements.txt
-	@echo "✅ Development environment ready!"
-
 clean:
 	@echo "🧹 Cleaning up..."
 	@find . -type d -name "__pycache__" -exec rm -rf {} + 2>/dev/null || true
@@ -85,6 +89,8 @@ clean:
 	@find . -type d -name ".ruff_cache" -exec rm -rf {} + 2>/dev/null || true
 	@find . -type d -name "*.egg-info" -exec rm -rf {} + 2>/dev/null || true
 	@find . -type d -name "htmlcov" -exec rm -rf {} + 2>/dev/null || true
+	@find . -type d -name "build" -exec rm -rf {} + 2>/dev/null || true
+	@find . -type d -name ".uv_cache" -exec rm -rf {} + 2>/dev/null || true
 	@find . -type f -name ".coverage" -delete 2>/dev/null || true
 	@find . -type f -name "*.pyc" -delete 2>/dev/null || true
 	@echo "✅ Cleanup complete!"