# SPIKE-008: Workflow State Machine Architecture

**Status:** Completed
**Date:** 2025-12-29
**Author:** Architecture Team
**Related Issue:** #8

---

## Executive Summary

Syndarix requires durable state machine capabilities to orchestrate long-lived workflows spanning hours to days (sprint execution, story implementation, PR review cycles). After evaluating multiple approaches, we recommend a **hybrid architecture**:

1. **`transitions` library** for state machine logic (lightweight, Pythonic, well-tested)
2. **PostgreSQL** for state persistence with event sourcing for audit trail
3. **Celery** for task execution (already planned in SPIKE-004)
4. **Custom workflow engine** built on these primitives

This approach balances simplicity with durability, avoiding the operational complexity of dedicated workflow engines like Temporal while providing the reliability Syndarix requires.

---

## Research Questions & Findings

### 1. Best Python State Machine Libraries (2024-2025)

| Library | Stars | Last Update | Async | Persistence | Visualization | Best For |
|---------|-------|-------------|-------|-------------|---------------|----------|
| [transitions](https://github.com/pytransitions/transitions) | 5.5k+ | Active | Yes | Manual | Graphviz | General FSM |
| [python-statemachine](https://github.com/fgmacedo/python-statemachine) | 800+ | Active | Yes | Django mixin | Graphviz | Django projects |
| [sismic](https://github.com/AlexandreDecan/sismic) | 400+ | Active | No | Manual | PlantUML | Complex statecharts |
| [automat](https://github.com/glyph/automat) | 300+ | Mature | No | No | No | Protocol implementations |

**Recommendation:** `transitions` - Most mature, flexible, excellent documentation, supports hierarchical states and callbacks.

### 2. Framework Comparison

#### transitions (Recommended for State Logic)

**Pros:**
- Lightweight, no external dependencies
- Hierarchical (nested) states support
- Rich callback system (before/after/on_enter/on_exit)
- Machine factory for persistence
- Graphviz diagram generation
- Active maintenance, well-tested

**Cons:**
- No built-in persistence (by design - flexible)
- No distributed coordination
- Manual integration with task queues

```python
from transitions import Machine

class StoryWorkflow:
    states = ['analysis', 'design', 'implementation', 'review', 'testing', 'done']

    def __init__(self, story_id: str):
        self.story_id = story_id
        self.machine = Machine(model=self, states=self.states, initial='analysis')

        # Define transitions
        self.machine.add_transition('design_ready', 'analysis', 'design')
        self.machine.add_transition('implementation_ready', 'design', 'implementation')
        self.machine.add_transition('submit_for_review', 'implementation', 'review')
        self.machine.add_transition('request_changes', 'review', 'implementation')
        self.machine.add_transition('approve', 'review', 'testing')
        self.machine.add_transition('tests_pass', 'testing', 'done')
        self.machine.add_transition('tests_fail', 'testing', 'implementation')
```

#### Temporal (Considered but Not Recommended)

**Pros:**
- Durable execution out of the box
- Handles long-running workflows (months/years)
- Built-in retries, timeouts, versioning
- Excellent Python SDK with asyncio integration
- Automatic state persistence

**Cons:**
- **Heavy infrastructure requirement** (Temporal Server cluster)
- Vendor lock-in to Temporal's model
- Learning curve for Temporal-specific patterns
- Overkill for Syndarix's scale
- Additional operational burden

**When to Choose Temporal:**
- Mission-critical financial workflows
- 10,000+ concurrent workflows
- Team with dedicated infrastructure capacity

#### Prefect (Not Recommended for This Use Case)

**Pros:**
- Great for ETL/data pipelines
- Nice UI for workflow visualization
- Good scheduling capabilities

**Cons:**
- Designed for batch data processing, not interactive workflows
- State model doesn't map well to business workflows
- Would require significant adaptation

#### Custom + Celery (Recommended Approach)

Combine `transitions` state machine logic with Celery task execution:
- State machine handles workflow logic
- PostgreSQL persists state
- Celery executes tasks
- Redis Pub/Sub broadcasts state changes

### 3. State Persistence Strategy

#### Database Schema

```python
# app/models/workflow.py
from enum import Enum
from sqlalchemy import Column, String, Enum as SQLEnum, JSON, ForeignKey, Integer
from sqlalchemy.orm import relationship
from app.models.base import Base, TimestampMixin, UUIDMixin

class WorkflowType(str, Enum):
    SPRINT = "sprint"
    STORY = "story"
    PULL_REQUEST = "pull_request"
    AGENT_TASK = "agent_task"

class WorkflowInstance(Base, UUIDMixin, TimestampMixin):
    """Represents a running workflow instance."""
    __tablename__ = "workflow_instances"

    workflow_type = Column(SQLEnum(WorkflowType), nullable=False, index=True)
    current_state = Column(String(100), nullable=False, index=True)
    entity_id = Column(String(100), nullable=False, index=True)  # story_id, sprint_id, etc.
    project_id = Column(UUID(as_uuid=True), ForeignKey("projects.id"), nullable=False)
    context = Column(JSON, default=dict)  # Workflow-specific context
    error = Column(String(1000), nullable=True)
    retry_count = Column(Integer, default=0)

    # Relationships
    project = relationship("Project", back_populates="workflows")
    transitions = relationship("WorkflowTransition", back_populates="workflow", order_by="WorkflowTransition.created_at")

class WorkflowTransition(Base, UUIDMixin, TimestampMixin):
    """Event sourcing table for workflow state changes."""
    __tablename__ = "workflow_transitions"

    workflow_id = Column(UUID(as_uuid=True), ForeignKey("workflow_instances.id"), nullable=False, index=True)
    from_state = Column(String(100), nullable=False)
    to_state = Column(String(100), nullable=False)
    trigger = Column(String(100), nullable=False)  # The transition name
    triggered_by = Column(String(100), nullable=True)  # agent_id, user_id, or "system"
    metadata = Column(JSON, default=dict)  # Additional context

    # Relationship
    workflow = relationship("WorkflowInstance", back_populates="transitions")
```

#### Migration Example

```python
# alembic/versions/xxx_add_workflow_tables.py
def upgrade():
    op.create_table(
        'workflow_instances',
        sa.Column('id', postgresql.UUID(as_uuid=True), primary_key=True),
        sa.Column('workflow_type', sa.Enum('sprint', 'story', 'pull_request', 'agent_task', name='workflowtype'), nullable=False),
        sa.Column('current_state', sa.String(100), nullable=False),
        sa.Column('entity_id', sa.String(100), nullable=False),
        sa.Column('project_id', postgresql.UUID(as_uuid=True), sa.ForeignKey('projects.id'), nullable=False),
        sa.Column('context', postgresql.JSON, server_default='{}'),
        sa.Column('error', sa.String(1000), nullable=True),
        sa.Column('retry_count', sa.Integer, server_default='0'),
        sa.Column('created_at', sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=False),
        sa.Column('updated_at', sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=False),
    )
    op.create_index('ix_workflow_instances_type_state', 'workflow_instances', ['workflow_type', 'current_state'])
    op.create_index('ix_workflow_instances_entity', 'workflow_instances', ['entity_id'])

    op.create_table(
        'workflow_transitions',
        sa.Column('id', postgresql.UUID(as_uuid=True), primary_key=True),
        sa.Column('workflow_id', postgresql.UUID(as_uuid=True), sa.ForeignKey('workflow_instances.id'), nullable=False),
        sa.Column('from_state', sa.String(100), nullable=False),
        sa.Column('to_state', sa.String(100), nullable=False),
        sa.Column('trigger', sa.String(100), nullable=False),
        sa.Column('triggered_by', sa.String(100), nullable=True),
        sa.Column('metadata', postgresql.JSON, server_default='{}'),
        sa.Column('created_at', sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=False),
        sa.Column('updated_at', sa.DateTime(timezone=True), nullable=False),
    )
    op.create_index('ix_workflow_transitions_workflow', 'workflow_transitions', ['workflow_id'])
```

### 4. Syndarix Workflow State Machines

#### Sprint Workflow

```
┌──────────┐     start      ┌───────────┐    complete     ┌─────────┐
│ Planning │ ─────────────► │Development│ ──────────────► │ Testing │
└──────────┘                └───────────┘                 └─────────┘
     │                           │                             │
     │                           │ block                       │ pass
     │                           ▼                             ▼
     │                      ┌─────────┐                  ┌──────────┐
     │                      │ Blocked │                  │   Demo   │
     │                      └─────────┘                  └──────────┘
     │                           │ unblock                     │
     │                           ▼                             │ accept
     │                      ┌───────────┐                      ▼
     │                      │Development│               ┌──────────────┐
     │                      └───────────┘               │Retrospective │
     │                                                  └──────────────┘
     │ cancel                                                  │
     ▼                                                         │ complete
┌───────────┐                                                  ▼
│ Cancelled │                                           ┌───────────┐
└───────────┘                                           │ Completed │
                                                        └───────────┘
```

```python
# app/workflows/sprint_workflow.py
from transitions import Machine
from typing import Optional
from app.models.workflow import WorkflowInstance, WorkflowTransition

class SprintWorkflow:
    states = [
        'planning',
        'development',
        'blocked',
        'testing',
        'demo',
        'retrospective',
        'completed',
        'cancelled'
    ]

    transitions = [
        # Normal flow
        {'trigger': 'start', 'source': 'planning', 'dest': 'development'},
        {'trigger': 'complete_development', 'source': 'development', 'dest': 'testing'},
        {'trigger': 'tests_pass', 'source': 'testing', 'dest': 'demo'},
        {'trigger': 'demo_accepted', 'source': 'demo', 'dest': 'retrospective'},
        {'trigger': 'complete', 'source': 'retrospective', 'dest': 'completed'},

        # Blocking
        {'trigger': 'block', 'source': 'development', 'dest': 'blocked'},
        {'trigger': 'unblock', 'source': 'blocked', 'dest': 'development'},

        # Test failures
        {'trigger': 'tests_fail', 'source': 'testing', 'dest': 'development'},

        # Demo rejection
        {'trigger': 'demo_rejected', 'source': 'demo', 'dest': 'development'},

        # Cancellation (from any active state)
        {'trigger': 'cancel', 'source': ['planning', 'development', 'blocked', 'testing', 'demo'], 'dest': 'cancelled'},
    ]

    def __init__(self, sprint_id: str, project_id: str, initial_state: str = 'planning'):
        self.sprint_id = sprint_id
        self.project_id = project_id
        self.machine = Machine(
            model=self,
            states=self.states,
            transitions=self.transitions,
            initial=initial_state,
            auto_transitions=False,
            send_event=True,  # Pass EventData to callbacks
        )

        # Register callbacks for persistence
        self.machine.on_enter_development(self._on_enter_development)
        self.machine.on_enter_completed(self._on_enter_completed)
        self.machine.on_enter_blocked(self._on_enter_blocked)

    def _on_enter_development(self, event):
        """Trigger when entering development state."""
        # Could dispatch Celery task to notify agents
        pass

    def _on_enter_completed(self, event):
        """Trigger when sprint is completed."""
        # Generate sprint report, notify stakeholders
        pass

    def _on_enter_blocked(self, event):
        """Trigger when sprint is blocked."""
        # Alert human operator
        pass
```

#### Story Workflow

```
┌──────────┐   ready   ┌────────┐   ready   ┌────────────────┐
│ Analysis │ ────────► │ Design │ ────────► │ Implementation │
└──────────┘           └────────┘           └────────────────┘
                                                    │
                                                    │ submit
                                                    ▼
┌───────┐  tests_pass  ┌─────────┐  approve  ┌────────┐
│ Done  │ ◄─────────── │ Testing │ ◄──────── │ Review │
└───────┘              └─────────┘           └────────┘
                            │                    │
                            │ tests_fail         │ request_changes
                            ▼                    ▼
                       ┌────────────────┐   ┌────────────────┐
                       │ Implementation │   │ Implementation │
                       └────────────────┘   └────────────────┘
```

```python
# app/workflows/story_workflow.py
from transitions import Machine

class StoryWorkflow:
    states = [
        {'name': 'backlog', 'on_enter': '_notify_backlog'},
        {'name': 'analysis', 'on_enter': '_start_analysis_task'},
        {'name': 'design', 'on_enter': '_start_design_task'},
        {'name': 'implementation', 'on_enter': '_start_implementation_task'},
        {'name': 'review', 'on_enter': '_create_pr'},
        {'name': 'testing', 'on_enter': '_run_tests'},
        {'name': 'done', 'on_enter': '_notify_completion'},
        {'name': 'blocked', 'on_enter': '_escalate_block'},
    ]

    transitions = [
        # Happy path
        {'trigger': 'start_analysis', 'source': 'backlog', 'dest': 'analysis'},
        {'trigger': 'analysis_complete', 'source': 'analysis', 'dest': 'design'},
        {'trigger': 'design_complete', 'source': 'design', 'dest': 'implementation'},
        {'trigger': 'submit_for_review', 'source': 'implementation', 'dest': 'review'},
        {'trigger': 'approve', 'source': 'review', 'dest': 'testing'},
        {'trigger': 'tests_pass', 'source': 'testing', 'dest': 'done'},

        # Revision loops
        {'trigger': 'request_changes', 'source': 'review', 'dest': 'implementation'},
        {'trigger': 'tests_fail', 'source': 'testing', 'dest': 'implementation'},

        # Blocking (from any active state)
        {'trigger': 'block', 'source': ['analysis', 'design', 'implementation', 'review', 'testing'], 'dest': 'blocked'},
        {'trigger': 'unblock', 'source': 'blocked', 'dest': 'implementation', 'before': '_restore_previous_state'},

        # Skip to done (for trivial stories)
        {'trigger': 'skip_to_done', 'source': '*', 'dest': 'done', 'conditions': '_is_trivial'},
    ]

    def __init__(self, story_id: str, project_id: str, initial_state: str = 'backlog'):
        self.story_id = story_id
        self.project_id = project_id
        self.previous_state = None

        self.machine = Machine(
            model=self,
            states=self.states,
            transitions=self.transitions,
            initial=initial_state,
            auto_transitions=False,
        )

    def _is_trivial(self):
        """Condition: Check if story is marked as trivial."""
        return False  # Would check story metadata

    def _start_analysis_task(self):
        """Dispatch analysis to BA agent via Celery."""
        from app.tasks.agent_tasks import run_agent_action
        run_agent_action.delay(
            agent_type="business_analyst",
            project_id=self.project_id,
            action="analyze_story",
            context={"story_id": self.story_id}
        )

    def _start_design_task(self):
        """Dispatch design to Architect agent via Celery."""
        from app.tasks.agent_tasks import run_agent_action
        run_agent_action.delay(
            agent_type="architect",
            project_id=self.project_id,
            action="design_solution",
            context={"story_id": self.story_id}
        )

    def _start_implementation_task(self):
        """Dispatch implementation to Engineer agent via Celery."""
        from app.tasks.agent_tasks import run_agent_action
        run_agent_action.delay(
            agent_type="engineer",
            project_id=self.project_id,
            action="implement_story",
            context={"story_id": self.story_id}
        )

    def _create_pr(self):
        """Create pull request for review."""
        pass

    def _run_tests(self):
        """Trigger test suite via Celery."""
        from app.tasks.cicd_tasks import run_test_suite
        run_test_suite.delay(
            project_id=self.project_id,
            story_id=self.story_id
        )

    def _notify_completion(self):
        """Notify stakeholders of story completion."""
        pass

    def _escalate_block(self):
        """Escalate blocked story to human."""
        pass

    def _notify_backlog(self):
        """Story added to backlog notification."""
        pass

    def _restore_previous_state(self):
        """Restore state before block."""
        pass
```

#### PR Workflow

```
┌─────────┐  submit   ┌────────┐  approve   ┌──────────┐
│ Created │ ────────► │ Review │ ─────────► │ Approved │
└─────────┘           └────────┘            └──────────┘
                          │                      │
                          │ request_changes      │ merge
                          ▼                      ▼
                     ┌───────────────────┐  ┌────────┐
                     │ Changes Requested │  │ Merged │
                     └───────────────────┘  └────────┘
                          │
                          │ resubmit
                          ▼
                     ┌────────┐
                     │ Review │
                     └────────┘
```

```python
# app/workflows/pr_workflow.py
from transitions import Machine

class PRWorkflow:
    states = ['created', 'review', 'changes_requested', 'approved', 'merged', 'closed']

    transitions = [
        {'trigger': 'submit_for_review', 'source': 'created', 'dest': 'review'},
        {'trigger': 'request_changes', 'source': 'review', 'dest': 'changes_requested'},
        {'trigger': 'resubmit', 'source': 'changes_requested', 'dest': 'review'},
        {'trigger': 'approve', 'source': 'review', 'dest': 'approved'},
        {'trigger': 'merge', 'source': 'approved', 'dest': 'merged'},
        {'trigger': 'close', 'source': ['created', 'review', 'changes_requested', 'approved'], 'dest': 'closed'},
    ]

    def __init__(self, pr_id: str, project_id: str, initial_state: str = 'created'):
        self.pr_id = pr_id
        self.project_id = project_id
        self.machine = Machine(
            model=self,
            states=self.states,
            transitions=self.transitions,
            initial=initial_state,
        )
```

#### Agent Task Workflow

```
┌──────────┐  start   ┌─────────────┐  complete   ┌───────────┐
│ Assigned │ ───────► │ In Progress │ ──────────► │ Completed │
└──────────┘          └─────────────┘             └───────────┘
                            │
                            │ block / fail
                            ▼
                       ┌─────────┐
                       │ Blocked │
                       └─────────┘
                            │
                            │ retry / escalate
                            ▼
                      ┌─────────────┐ or ┌───────────┐
                      │ In Progress │    │ Escalated │
                      └─────────────┘    └───────────┘
```

```python
# app/workflows/agent_task_workflow.py
from transitions import Machine

class AgentTaskWorkflow:
    states = ['assigned', 'in_progress', 'blocked', 'completed', 'failed', 'escalated']

    transitions = [
        {'trigger': 'start', 'source': 'assigned', 'dest': 'in_progress'},
        {'trigger': 'complete', 'source': 'in_progress', 'dest': 'completed'},
        {'trigger': 'block', 'source': 'in_progress', 'dest': 'blocked'},
        {'trigger': 'fail', 'source': 'in_progress', 'dest': 'failed'},
        {'trigger': 'retry', 'source': ['blocked', 'failed'], 'dest': 'in_progress', 'conditions': '_can_retry'},
        {'trigger': 'escalate', 'source': ['blocked', 'failed'], 'dest': 'escalated'},
    ]

    def __init__(self, task_id: str, agent_id: str, initial_state: str = 'assigned'):
        self.task_id = task_id
        self.agent_id = agent_id
        self.retry_count = 0
        self.max_retries = 3

        self.machine = Machine(
            model=self,
            states=self.states,
            transitions=self.transitions,
            initial=initial_state,
        )

    def _can_retry(self):
        """Check if retry is allowed."""
        return self.retry_count < self.max_retries
```

### 5. Durable Workflow Engine

```python
# app/services/workflow_engine.py
from typing import Type, Optional
from uuid import UUID
from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession
from transitions import Machine

from app.models.workflow import WorkflowInstance, WorkflowTransition, WorkflowType
from app.workflows.sprint_workflow import SprintWorkflow
from app.workflows.story_workflow import StoryWorkflow
from app.workflows.pr_workflow import PRWorkflow
from app.workflows.agent_task_workflow import AgentTaskWorkflow
from app.services.events import EventBus

WORKFLOW_CLASSES = {
    WorkflowType.SPRINT: SprintWorkflow,
    WorkflowType.STORY: StoryWorkflow,
    WorkflowType.PULL_REQUEST: PRWorkflow,
    WorkflowType.AGENT_TASK: AgentTaskWorkflow,
}

class WorkflowEngine:
    """
    Durable workflow engine that persists state to PostgreSQL.

    Usage:
        engine = WorkflowEngine(session, event_bus)

        # Create new workflow
        workflow = await engine.create(
            workflow_type=WorkflowType.STORY,
            entity_id="story-123",
            project_id=project.id
        )

        # Load existing workflow
        workflow = await engine.load(workflow_id)

        # Trigger transition
        await engine.trigger(workflow_id, "start_analysis", triggered_by="agent-456")
    """

    def __init__(self, session: AsyncSession, event_bus: Optional[EventBus] = None):
        self.session = session
        self.event_bus = event_bus

    async def create(
        self,
        workflow_type: WorkflowType,
        entity_id: str,
        project_id: UUID,
        initial_context: dict = None
    ) -> WorkflowInstance:
        """Create a new workflow instance."""

        workflow_class = WORKFLOW_CLASSES[workflow_type]
        initial_state = workflow_class.states[0]
        if isinstance(initial_state, dict):
            initial_state = initial_state['name']

        instance = WorkflowInstance(
            workflow_type=workflow_type,
            current_state=initial_state,
            entity_id=entity_id,
            project_id=project_id,
            context=initial_context or {}
        )

        self.session.add(instance)
        await self.session.commit()
        await self.session.refresh(instance)

        # Publish creation event
        if self.event_bus:
            await self.event_bus.publish(f"project:{project_id}", {
                "type": "workflow_created",
                "workflow_id": str(instance.id),
                "workflow_type": workflow_type.value,
                "entity_id": entity_id,
                "state": initial_state
            })

        return instance

    async def load(self, workflow_id: UUID) -> Optional[WorkflowInstance]:
        """Load a workflow instance from the database."""
        return await self.session.get(WorkflowInstance, workflow_id)

    async def get_machine(self, instance: WorkflowInstance) -> Machine:
        """Reconstruct the state machine from persisted instance."""
        workflow_class = WORKFLOW_CLASSES[instance.workflow_type]
        workflow = workflow_class(
            entity_id=instance.entity_id,
            project_id=str(instance.project_id),
            initial_state=instance.current_state
        )
        return workflow

    async def trigger(
        self,
        workflow_id: UUID,
        trigger: str,
        triggered_by: str = "system",
        metadata: dict = None
    ) -> bool:
        """
        Trigger a state transition on a workflow.

        Returns True if transition succeeded, False if not valid.
        """
        instance = await self.load(workflow_id)
        if not instance:
            raise ValueError(f"Workflow {workflow_id} not found")

        workflow = await self.get_machine(instance)
        from_state = instance.current_state

        # Check if transition is valid
        trigger_method = getattr(workflow, trigger, None)
        if not trigger_method or not callable(trigger_method):
            return False

        # Check if transition is allowed from current state
        if not workflow.machine.may_trigger(trigger):
            return False

        # Execute transition
        try:
            trigger_method()
            to_state = workflow.state
        except Exception as e:
            # Transition failed
            instance.error = str(e)
            await self.session.commit()
            return False

        # Persist new state
        instance.current_state = to_state
        instance.error = None

        # Record transition (event sourcing)
        transition = WorkflowTransition(
            workflow_id=instance.id,
            from_state=from_state,
            to_state=to_state,
            trigger=trigger,
            triggered_by=triggered_by,
            metadata=metadata or {}
        )
        self.session.add(transition)
        await self.session.commit()

        # Publish state change event
        if self.event_bus:
            await self.event_bus.publish(f"project:{instance.project_id}", {
                "type": "workflow_state_changed",
                "workflow_id": str(instance.id),
                "workflow_type": instance.workflow_type.value,
                "entity_id": instance.entity_id,
                "from_state": from_state,
                "to_state": to_state,
                "trigger": trigger,
                "triggered_by": triggered_by
            })

        return True

    async def get_history(self, workflow_id: UUID) -> list[WorkflowTransition]:
        """Get full transition history for a workflow."""
        instance = await self.load(workflow_id)
        if not instance:
            raise ValueError(f"Workflow {workflow_id} not found")

        await self.session.refresh(instance, ["transitions"])
        return instance.transitions

    async def get_active_by_type(
        self,
        project_id: UUID,
        workflow_type: WorkflowType
    ) -> list[WorkflowInstance]:
        """Get all active workflows of a type for a project."""
        from sqlalchemy import select

        workflow_class = WORKFLOW_CLASSES[workflow_type]
        terminal_states = ['completed', 'cancelled', 'merged', 'closed', 'done']

        result = await self.session.execute(
            select(WorkflowInstance)
            .where(WorkflowInstance.project_id == project_id)
            .where(WorkflowInstance.workflow_type == workflow_type)
            .where(~WorkflowInstance.current_state.in_(terminal_states))
        )
        return result.scalars().all()
```

### 6. Retry and Compensation Patterns

#### Retry Configuration

```python
# app/workflows/retry_config.py
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Callable, Optional

@dataclass
class RetryPolicy:
    """Configuration for retry behavior."""
    max_retries: int = 3
    initial_delay: float = 1.0  # seconds
    max_delay: float = 300.0  # 5 minutes
    exponential_base: float = 2.0
    jitter: bool = True
    retryable_errors: tuple = (ConnectionError, TimeoutError)

class RetryableWorkflow:
    """Mixin for workflows with retry support."""

    retry_policy: RetryPolicy = RetryPolicy()

    def calculate_retry_delay(self, attempt: int) -> float:
        """Calculate delay for next retry attempt."""
        delay = self.retry_policy.initial_delay * (self.retry_policy.exponential_base ** attempt)
        delay = min(delay, self.retry_policy.max_delay)

        if self.retry_policy.jitter:
            import random
            delay = delay * (0.5 + random.random())

        return delay

    def should_retry(self, error: Exception, attempt: int) -> bool:
        """Determine if error should trigger retry."""
        if attempt >= self.retry_policy.max_retries:
            return False
        return isinstance(error, self.retry_policy.retryable_errors)
```

#### Saga Pattern for Compensation

```python
# app/workflows/saga.py
from dataclasses import dataclass
from typing import Callable, Any, Optional
from abc import ABC, abstractmethod

@dataclass
class SagaStep:
    """A single step in a saga with its compensation."""
    name: str
    action: Callable[..., Any]
    compensation: Callable[..., Any]

class Saga:
    """
    Implements the Saga pattern for distributed transactions.

    If a step fails, compensating actions are executed in reverse order.
    """

    def __init__(self, steps: list[SagaStep]):
        self.steps = steps
        self.completed_steps: list[SagaStep] = []
        self.context: dict = {}

    async def execute(self, initial_context: dict = None) -> dict:
        """Execute the saga, with automatic compensation on failure."""
        self.context = initial_context or {}

        for step in self.steps:
            try:
                result = await step.action(self.context)
                self.context.update(result or {})
                self.completed_steps.append(step)
            except Exception as e:
                # Compensate in reverse order
                await self._compensate()
                raise SagaFailure(
                    failed_step=step.name,
                    original_error=e,
                    compensation_results=self.context.get('_compensation_results', [])
                )

        return self.context

    async def _compensate(self):
        """Execute compensation for all completed steps."""
        compensation_results = []

        for step in reversed(self.completed_steps):
            try:
                await step.compensation(self.context)
                compensation_results.append({
                    'step': step.name,
                    'status': 'compensated'
                })
            except Exception as e:
                compensation_results.append({
                    'step': step.name,
                    'status': 'failed',
                    'error': str(e)
                })

        self.context['_compensation_results'] = compensation_results

class SagaFailure(Exception):
    """Raised when a saga fails and compensation is executed."""

    def __init__(self, failed_step: str, original_error: Exception, compensation_results: list):
        self.failed_step = failed_step
        self.original_error = original_error
        self.compensation_results = compensation_results
        super().__init__(f"Saga failed at step '{failed_step}': {original_error}")

# Example: Story implementation saga
async def create_story_implementation_saga(story_id: str, project_id: str) -> Saga:
    """Create saga for implementing a story with compensation."""

    steps = [
        SagaStep(
            name="create_branch",
            action=lambda ctx: create_feature_branch(ctx['story_id']),
            compensation=lambda ctx: delete_branch(ctx.get('branch_name'))
        ),
        SagaStep(
            name="implement_code",
            action=lambda ctx: generate_code(ctx['story_id'], ctx['branch_name']),
            compensation=lambda ctx: revert_commits(ctx.get('commit_shas', []))
        ),
        SagaStep(
            name="run_tests",
            action=lambda ctx: run_test_suite(ctx['branch_name']),
            compensation=lambda ctx: None  # Tests don't need compensation
        ),
        SagaStep(
            name="create_pr",
            action=lambda ctx: create_pull_request(ctx['branch_name'], ctx['story_id']),
            compensation=lambda ctx: close_pull_request(ctx.get('pr_id'))
        ),
    ]

    return Saga(steps)
```

### 7. Celery Integration

```python
# app/tasks/workflow_tasks.py
from celery import Task
from app.core.celery import celery_app
from app.core.database import async_session_maker
from app.services.workflow_engine import WorkflowEngine
from app.services.events import EventBus
from app.models.workflow import WorkflowType

class WorkflowTask(Task):
    """Base task for workflow operations with database session."""

    _session = None
    _event_bus = None

    @property
    def session(self):
        if self._session is None:
            self._session = async_session_maker()
        return self._session

    @property
    def event_bus(self):
        if self._event_bus is None:
            self._event_bus = EventBus()
        return self._event_bus

    def after_return(self, status, retval, task_id, args, kwargs, einfo):
        """Cleanup after task completion."""
        if self._session:
            self._session.close()

@celery_app.task(bind=True, base=WorkflowTask)
async def trigger_workflow_transition(
    self,
    workflow_id: str,
    trigger: str,
    triggered_by: str = "system",
    metadata: dict = None
):
    """
    Trigger a workflow transition as a background task.

    Used when transitions need to happen asynchronously.
    """
    from uuid import UUID

    async with self.session as session:
        engine = WorkflowEngine(session, self.event_bus)
        success = await engine.trigger(
            workflow_id=UUID(workflow_id),
            trigger=trigger,
            triggered_by=triggered_by,
            metadata=metadata
        )

        if not success:
            raise ValueError(f"Transition '{trigger}' failed for workflow {workflow_id}")

        return {"workflow_id": workflow_id, "new_trigger": trigger, "success": True}

@celery_app.task(bind=True, base=WorkflowTask)
async def process_story_workflow_step(
    self,
    workflow_id: str,
    step: str,
    context: dict
):
    """
    Process a single step in a story workflow.

    This task runs the actual work for each state.
    """
    from uuid import UUID

    async with self.session as session:
        engine = WorkflowEngine(session, self.event_bus)
        instance = await engine.load(UUID(workflow_id))

        if not instance:
            raise ValueError(f"Workflow {workflow_id} not found")

        # Execute step-specific logic
        if step == "analysis":
            await run_analysis(instance.entity_id, context)
            await engine.trigger(UUID(workflow_id), "analysis_complete", "agent:ba")

        elif step == "design":
            await run_design(instance.entity_id, context)
            await engine.trigger(UUID(workflow_id), "design_complete", "agent:architect")

        elif step == "implementation":
            await run_implementation(instance.entity_id, context)
            await engine.trigger(UUID(workflow_id), "submit_for_review", "agent:engineer")

        return {"workflow_id": workflow_id, "step_completed": step}

@celery_app.task
def check_stalled_workflows():
    """
    Periodic task to check for stalled workflows.

    Runs via Celery Beat to identify workflows stuck in non-terminal states.
    """
    from datetime import datetime, timedelta
    from sqlalchemy import select
    from app.models.workflow import WorkflowInstance

    # Consider workflows stalled if no transition in 1 hour
    stale_threshold = datetime.utcnow() - timedelta(hours=1)

    # Query for potentially stalled workflows
    # (Implementation would check updated_at and escalate)
    pass
```

### 8. Visualization Approach

#### Graphviz Diagram Generation

```python
# app/services/workflow_visualizer.py
from transitions.extensions import GraphMachine
from typing import Optional
import io

class WorkflowVisualizer:
    """Generate visual diagrams of workflow state machines."""

    @staticmethod
    def generate_diagram(
        workflow_class,
        current_state: Optional[str] = None,
        format: str = 'svg'
    ) -> bytes:
        """
        Generate a diagram for a workflow.

        Args:
            workflow_class: The workflow class to visualize
            current_state: Highlight current state (optional)
            format: Output format ('svg', 'png', 'pdf')

        Returns:
            Diagram as bytes
        """
        class DiagramModel:
            pass

        model = DiagramModel()
        machine = GraphMachine(
            model=model,
            states=workflow_class.states,
            transitions=workflow_class.transitions,
            initial=workflow_class.states[0] if isinstance(workflow_class.states[0], str) else workflow_class.states[0]['name'],
            show_conditions=True,
            show_state_attributes=True,
            title=workflow_class.__name__
        )

        # Highlight current state
        if current_state:
            machine.model_graphs[id(model)].custom_styles['node'][current_state] = {
                'fillcolor': '#90EE90',
                'style': 'filled'
            }

        # Generate graph
        graph = machine.get_graph()

        # Render to bytes
        output = io.BytesIO()
        graph.draw(output, format=format, prog='dot')
        return output.getvalue()

    @staticmethod
    def get_mermaid_definition(workflow_class) -> str:
        """
        Generate Mermaid.js state diagram definition.

        Useful for embedding in markdown documentation or web UIs.
        """
        lines = ["stateDiagram-v2"]

        # Get initial state
        initial = workflow_class.states[0]
        if isinstance(initial, dict):
            initial = initial['name']
        lines.append(f"    [*] --> {initial}")

        # Add transitions
        for t in workflow_class.transitions:
            sources = t['source'] if isinstance(t['source'], list) else [t['source']]
            for source in sources:
                if source == '*':
                    continue
                lines.append(f"    {source} --> {t['dest']}: {t['trigger']}")

        # Mark terminal states
        terminal_states = ['completed', 'cancelled', 'done', 'merged', 'closed']
        for state in workflow_class.states:
            state_name = state if isinstance(state, str) else state['name']
            if state_name in terminal_states:
                lines.append(f"    {state_name} --> [*]")

        return "\n".join(lines)

# API endpoint for diagram generation
# app/api/v1/workflows.py
from fastapi import APIRouter
from fastapi.responses import Response

router = APIRouter()

@router.get("/workflows/{workflow_type}/diagram")
async def get_workflow_diagram(
    workflow_type: WorkflowType,
    format: str = "svg",
    current_state: Optional[str] = None
):
    """Get visual diagram of a workflow state machine."""

    workflow_class = WORKFLOW_CLASSES[workflow_type]
    diagram_bytes = WorkflowVisualizer.generate_diagram(
        workflow_class,
        current_state=current_state,
        format=format
    )

    media_types = {
        'svg': 'image/svg+xml',
        'png': 'image/png',
        'pdf': 'application/pdf'
    }

    return Response(
        content=diagram_bytes,
        media_type=media_types.get(format, 'application/octet-stream')
    )

@router.get("/workflows/{workflow_type}/mermaid")
async def get_workflow_mermaid(workflow_type: WorkflowType):
    """Get Mermaid.js definition for a workflow."""

    workflow_class = WORKFLOW_CLASSES[workflow_type]
    mermaid_def = WorkflowVisualizer.get_mermaid_definition(workflow_class)

    return {"mermaid": mermaid_def}
```

#### Frontend Visualization Component

```typescript
// frontend/components/WorkflowDiagram.tsx
import React from 'react';
import mermaid from 'mermaid';

interface WorkflowDiagramProps {
  workflowType: 'sprint' | 'story' | 'pull_request' | 'agent_task';
  currentState?: string;
}

export function WorkflowDiagram({ workflowType, currentState }: WorkflowDiagramProps) {
  const [diagram, setDiagram] = React.useState<string>('');

  React.useEffect(() => {
    async function fetchDiagram() {
      const response = await fetch(`/api/v1/workflows/${workflowType}/mermaid`);
      const data = await response.json();

      // Highlight current state
      let mermaidDef = data.mermaid;
      if (currentState) {
        mermaidDef += `\n    style ${currentState} fill:#90EE90`;
      }

      const { svg } = await mermaid.render('workflow-diagram', mermaidDef);
      setDiagram(svg);
    }

    fetchDiagram();
  }, [workflowType, currentState]);

  return (
    <div
      className="workflow-diagram"
      dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: diagram }}
    />
  );
}
```

### 9. Long-Running Workflow Patterns

#### Handling Hours/Days Duration

```python
# app/services/long_running_workflow.py
from datetime import datetime, timedelta
from typing import Optional
import asyncio

class LongRunningWorkflowManager:
    """
    Manager for workflows that span hours or days.

    Key patterns:
    1. Checkpoint persistence - Save progress frequently
    2. Heartbeat monitoring - Detect stalled workflows
    3. Resume capability - Continue from last checkpoint
    4. Timeout handling - Auto-escalate on SLA breach
    """

    def __init__(self, workflow_engine: WorkflowEngine):
        self.engine = workflow_engine
        self.sla_configs = {
            WorkflowType.SPRINT: timedelta(weeks=2),  # 2-week sprint
            WorkflowType.STORY: timedelta(days=5),    # 5 days for a story
            WorkflowType.PULL_REQUEST: timedelta(hours=24),  # 24h for PR review
            WorkflowType.AGENT_TASK: timedelta(hours=1),  # 1h for agent task
        }

    async def check_sla_breaches(self):
        """Check for workflows that have breached their SLA."""
        from sqlalchemy import select
        from app.models.workflow import WorkflowInstance

        breached = []

        for workflow_type, sla in self.sla_configs.items():
            threshold = datetime.utcnow() - sla

            # Find active workflows created before threshold
            # with no recent transitions
            result = await self.engine.session.execute(
                select(WorkflowInstance)
                .where(WorkflowInstance.workflow_type == workflow_type)
                .where(WorkflowInstance.created_at < threshold)
                .where(~WorkflowInstance.current_state.in_([
                    'completed', 'cancelled', 'done', 'merged', 'closed'
                ]))
            )

            for instance in result.scalars():
                breached.append({
                    'workflow_id': instance.id,
                    'type': workflow_type.value,
                    'entity_id': instance.entity_id,
                    'current_state': instance.current_state,
                    'age': datetime.utcnow() - instance.created_at,
                    'sla': sla
                })

        return breached

    async def create_checkpoint(
        self,
        workflow_id: UUID,
        checkpoint_data: dict
    ):
        """
        Save a checkpoint for long-running workflow.

        Allows resumption from this point if workflow is interrupted.
        """
        instance = await self.engine.load(workflow_id)
        if instance:
            instance.context = {
                **instance.context,
                '_checkpoint': {
                    'data': checkpoint_data,
                    'timestamp': datetime.utcnow().isoformat()
                }
            }
            await self.engine.session.commit()

    async def resume_from_checkpoint(self, workflow_id: UUID) -> Optional[dict]:
        """
        Resume a workflow from its last checkpoint.

        Returns checkpoint data if available.
        """
        instance = await self.engine.load(workflow_id)
        if instance and instance.context.get('_checkpoint'):
            return instance.context['_checkpoint']['data']
        return None
```

#### Sprint Workflow with Checkpoints

```python
# app/workflows/sprint_workflow_runner.py
from celery import chain, group
from app.tasks.workflow_tasks import trigger_workflow_transition

class SprintWorkflowRunner:
    """
    Orchestrates a full sprint lifecycle.

    A sprint runs for ~2 weeks, with daily standups and continuous work.
    This runner manages the long-duration process with checkpoints.
    """

    def __init__(self, sprint_id: str, project_id: str, workflow_id: str):
        self.sprint_id = sprint_id
        self.project_id = project_id
        self.workflow_id = workflow_id

    async def start_sprint(self, stories: list[str]):
        """
        Start the sprint with initial stories.

        Creates story workflows for each story and begins development.
        """
        # Transition sprint to development
        await trigger_workflow_transition.delay(
            self.workflow_id,
            trigger="start",
            triggered_by="system",
            metadata={"stories": stories}
        )

        # Create story workflows for each story
        story_tasks = []
        for story_id in stories:
            story_tasks.append(
                create_story_workflow.s(story_id, self.project_id)
            )

        # Execute story creations in parallel
        group(story_tasks).apply_async()

    async def run_daily_standup(self):
        """
        Daily standup checkpoint.

        Collects status from all active story workflows.
        """
        # Get all active story workflows
        active_stories = await self.get_active_stories()

        report = {
            'date': datetime.utcnow().isoformat(),
            'sprint_id': self.sprint_id,
            'stories': []
        }

        for story in active_stories:
            report['stories'].append({
                'story_id': story.entity_id,
                'state': story.current_state,
                'blocked': story.current_state == 'blocked'
            })

        # Save checkpoint
        await self.save_checkpoint(report)

        return report

    async def complete_sprint(self):
        """
        Complete the sprint and generate retrospective data.
        """
        # Collect all transitions for analysis
        history = await self.engine.get_history(UUID(self.workflow_id))

        # Calculate metrics
        metrics = {
            'total_transitions': len(history),
            'duration': (datetime.utcnow() - history[0].created_at).days,
            'blocks_encountered': sum(1 for t in history if t.to_state == 'blocked'),
        }

        await trigger_workflow_transition.delay(
            self.workflow_id,
            trigger="complete",
            triggered_by="system",
            metadata={"metrics": metrics}
        )
```

---

## Dependencies

Add to `pyproject.toml`:

```toml
[project.dependencies]
transitions = "^0.9.0"
graphviz = "^0.20.1"  # For diagram generation

[project.optional-dependencies]
diagrams = [
    "pygraphviz>=1.11",  # Alternative Graphviz binding
]
```

---

## Implementation Roadmap

### Phase 1: Foundation (Week 1)
1. Add `transitions` library dependency
2. Create workflow database models and migrations
3. Implement basic `WorkflowEngine` class
4. Write unit tests for state machines

### Phase 2: Core Workflows (Week 2)
1. Implement `StoryWorkflow` with all transitions
2. Implement `SprintWorkflow` with checkpoints
3. Implement `PRWorkflow` for code review
4. Integrate with Celery tasks

### Phase 3: Durability (Week 3)
1. Add retry and compensation patterns
2. Implement SLA monitoring
3. Add checkpoint/resume capability
4. Integrate with EventBus for real-time updates

### Phase 4: Visualization (Week 4)
1. Add diagram generation endpoints
2. Create frontend visualization component
3. Add workflow monitoring dashboard
4. Documentation and examples

---

## Testing Strategy

```python
# tests/workflows/test_story_workflow.py
import pytest
from app.workflows.story_workflow import StoryWorkflow

class TestStoryWorkflow:
    def test_happy_path(self):
        """Test normal story progression."""
        workflow = StoryWorkflow("story-1", "project-1")

        assert workflow.state == "backlog"

        workflow.start_analysis()
        assert workflow.state == "analysis"

        workflow.analysis_complete()
        assert workflow.state == "design"

        workflow.design_complete()
        assert workflow.state == "implementation"

        workflow.submit_for_review()
        assert workflow.state == "review"

        workflow.approve()
        assert workflow.state == "testing"

        workflow.tests_pass()
        assert workflow.state == "done"

    def test_review_rejection(self):
        """Test review rejection loop."""
        workflow = StoryWorkflow("story-1", "project-1", initial_state="review")

        workflow.request_changes()
        assert workflow.state == "implementation"

        workflow.submit_for_review()
        assert workflow.state == "review"

    def test_invalid_transition(self):
        """Test that invalid transitions are rejected."""
        workflow = StoryWorkflow("story-1", "project-1")

        # Can't go from backlog to review
        with pytest.raises(Exception):
            workflow.approve()

        assert workflow.state == "backlog"  # State unchanged

    def test_blocking(self):
        """Test blocking from any active state."""
        for initial_state in ['analysis', 'design', 'implementation']:
            workflow = StoryWorkflow("story-1", "project-1", initial_state=initial_state)
            workflow.block()
            assert workflow.state == "blocked"
```

---

## Risks and Mitigations

| Risk | Impact | Likelihood | Mitigation |
|------|--------|------------|------------|
| State corruption on crash | High | Low | Event sourcing allows state reconstruction |
| Long-running task timeout | Medium | Medium | Celery soft limits + checkpointing |
| Race conditions on concurrent transitions | High | Medium | PostgreSQL row-level locking |
| Complex workflow debugging | Medium | High | Comprehensive logging + visualization |

---

## Decision

**Adopt `transitions` library + PostgreSQL persistence** for Syndarix workflow state machines.

**Rationale:**
1. **Simplicity** - No additional infrastructure (vs Temporal)
2. **Flexibility** - Full control over persistence and task execution
3. **Integration** - Natural fit with existing Celery + Redis stack (SPIKE-004)
4. **Durability** - Event sourcing provides audit trail and recovery
5. **Visualization** - Built-in Graphviz support + Mermaid for web

**Trade-offs Accepted:**
- More custom code vs using Temporal's built-in features
- Manual handling of distributed coordination
- Custom SLA monitoring implementation

---

## References

- [transitions Documentation](https://github.com/pytransitions/transitions)
- [Temporal Python SDK](https://github.com/temporalio/sdk-python)
- [Managing Long-Running Workflows with Temporal](https://temporal.io/blog/very-long-running-workflows)
- [Saga Pattern](https://microservices.io/patterns/data/saga.html)
- [Event Sourcing](https://martinfowler.com/eaaDev/EventSourcing.html)
- [Celery Dyrygent](https://github.com/ovh/celery-dyrygent) - Complex workflow orchestration
- [Selinon](https://github.com/selinon/selinon) - Advanced flow management on Celery
- [Toptal Celery Orchestration Guide](https://www.toptal.com/python/orchestrating-celery-python-background-jobs)

---

*Spike completed. Findings will inform ADR-008: Workflow State Machine Architecture.*