syndarix/frontend/docs/design-system/01-foundations.md

Foundations

The building blocks of our design system: OKLCH colors, typography scale, spacing tokens, shadows, and border radius. Master these fundamentals to build consistent, accessible interfaces.

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Table of Contents

1. Technology Stack
2. Color System (OKLCH)
3. Typography
4. Spacing Scale
5. Shadows
6. Border Radius
7. Quick Reference

---

Technology Stack

Core Technologies

• Framework: Next.js 15 + React 19
• Styling: Tailwind CSS 4 (CSS-first configuration)
• Components: shadcn/ui (New York style)
• Color Space: OKLCH (perceptually uniform)
• Icons: lucide-react
• Fonts: Geist Sans + Geist Mono

Design Principles

1. 🎨 Semantic First - Use bg-primary, not bg-blue-500
2. ♿ Accessible by Default - WCAG AA compliance minimum (4.5:1 contrast)
3. 📐 Consistent Spacing - Multiples of 4px (0.25rem base unit)
4. 🧩 Compose, Don't Create - Use shadcn/ui primitives
5. 🌗 Dark Mode Ready - All components work in light/dark
6. ⚡ Pareto Efficient - 80% of needs with 20% of patterns

---

Color System (OKLCH)

Why OKLCH?

We use OKLCH (Oklab LCH) color space for:

• ✅ Perceptual uniformity - Colors look consistent across light/dark modes
• ✅ Better accessibility - Predictable contrast ratios
• ✅ Vibrant colors - More saturated without sacrificing legibility
• ✅ Future-proof - CSS native support (vs HSL/RGB)

Learn more: oklch.com

---

Semantic Color Tokens

All colors follow the background/foreground convention:

• background - The background color
• foreground - The text color that goes on that background

This ensures accessible contrast automatically.

---

Primary Colors

Purpose: Main brand color, CTAs, primary actions

/* Light & Dark Mode */
--primary: oklch(0.6231 0.188 259.8145) /* Blue */ --primary-foreground: oklch(1 0 0)
  /* White text */;

Usage:

// Primary button (most common)
<Button>Save Changes</Button>

// Primary link
<a href="#" className="text-primary hover:underline">
  Learn more
</a>

// Primary badge
<Badge className="bg-primary text-primary-foreground">New</Badge>

When to use:

• ✅ Call-to-action buttons
• ✅ Primary links
• ✅ Active states in navigation
• ✅ Important badges/tags

When NOT to use:

• ❌ Large background areas (too intense)
• ❌ Body text (use text-foreground)
• ❌ Disabled states (use muted)

---

Secondary Colors

Purpose: Secondary actions, less prominent UI elements

/* Light Mode */
--secondary: oklch(0.967 0.0029 264.5419) /* Light gray-blue */
  --secondary-foreground: oklch(0.1529 0 0) /* Dark text */ /* Dark Mode */
  --secondary: oklch(0.2686 0 0) /* Dark gray */ --secondary-foreground: oklch(0.9823 0 0)
  /* Light text */;

Usage:

// Secondary button
<Button variant="secondary">Cancel</Button>

// Secondary badge
<Badge variant="secondary">Draft</Badge>

// Muted background area
<div className="bg-secondary text-secondary-foreground p-4 rounded-lg">
  Less important information
</div>

---

Muted Colors

Purpose: Backgrounds for disabled states, subtle UI elements

/* Light Mode */
--muted: oklch(0.9846 0.0017 247.8389) --muted-foreground: oklch(0.4667 0.0043 264.4327)
  /* Dark Mode */ --muted: oklch(0.2393 0 0) --muted-foreground: oklch(0.6588 0.0043 264.4327);

Usage:

// Disabled button
<Button disabled>Submit</Button>

// Secondary/helper text
<p className="text-muted-foreground text-sm">
  This action cannot be undone
</p>

// Skeleton loader
<Skeleton className="h-12 w-full" />

// TabsList background
<Tabs defaultValue="tab1">
  <TabsList className="bg-muted">
    <TabsTrigger value="tab1">Tab 1</TabsTrigger>
  </TabsList>
</Tabs>

Common use cases:

• Disabled button backgrounds
• Placeholder/skeleton loaders
• TabsList backgrounds
• Switch backgrounds (unchecked state)
• Helper text, captions, timestamps

---

Accent Colors

Purpose: Hover states, focus indicators, highlights

/* Light Mode */
--accent: oklch(0.9514 0.025 236.8242) --accent-foreground: oklch(0.1529 0 0) /* Dark Mode */
  --accent: oklch(0.3791 0.1378 265.5222) --accent-foreground: oklch(0.9823 0 0);

Usage:

// Dropdown menu item hover
<DropdownMenu>
  <DropdownMenuContent>
    <DropdownMenuItem className="focus:bg-accent focus:text-accent-foreground">
      Edit
    </DropdownMenuItem>
  </DropdownMenuContent>
</DropdownMenu>

// Highlighted section
<div className="bg-accent text-accent-foreground p-4 rounded-lg">
  Featured content
</div>

Common use cases:

• Dropdown menu item hover states
• Command palette hover states
• Highlighted sections
• Subtle emphasis backgrounds

---

Destructive Colors

Purpose: Error states, delete actions, warnings

/* Light & Dark Mode */
--destructive: oklch(0.6368 0.2078 25.3313) /* Red */ --destructive-foreground: oklch(1 0 0)
  /* White text */;

Usage:

// Delete button
<Button variant="destructive">Delete Account</Button>

// Error alert
<Alert variant="destructive">
  <AlertCircle className="h-4 w-4" />
  <AlertTitle>Error</AlertTitle>
  <AlertDescription>
    Something went wrong. Please try again.
  </AlertDescription>
</Alert>

// Form error text
<p className="text-sm text-destructive">
  {errors.email?.message}
</p>

// Destructive badge
<Badge variant="destructive">Critical</Badge>

When to use:

• ✅ Delete/remove actions
• ✅ Error messages
• ✅ Validation errors
• ✅ Critical warnings

---

Card & Popover Colors

Purpose: Elevated surfaces (cards, popovers, dropdowns)

/* Light Mode */
--card: oklch(1 0 0) /* White */ --card-foreground: oklch(0.1529 0 0) /* Dark text */
  --popover: oklch(1 0 0) /* White */ --popover-foreground: oklch(0.1529 0 0) /* Dark text */
  /* Dark Mode */ --card: oklch(0.2686 0 0) /* Dark gray */ --card-foreground: oklch(0.9823 0 0)
  /* Light text */ --popover: oklch(0.2686 0 0) /* Dark gray */
  --popover-foreground: oklch(0.9823 0 0) /* Light text */;

Usage:

// Card (uses card colors by default)
<Card>
  <CardHeader>
    <CardTitle>Card Title</CardTitle>
  </CardHeader>
  <CardContent>Card content</CardContent>
</Card>

// Popover
<Popover>
  <PopoverTrigger>Open</PopoverTrigger>
  <PopoverContent>Popover content</PopoverContent>
</Popover>

---

Border & Input Colors

Purpose: Borders, input field borders, dividers

/* Light Mode */
--border: oklch(0.9276 0.0058 264.5313) --input: oklch(0.9276 0.0058 264.5313) /* Dark Mode */
  --border: oklch(0.3715 0 0) --input: oklch(0.3715 0 0);

Usage:

// Input border
<Input type="email" placeholder="you@example.com" />

// Card with border
<Card className="border">Content</Card>

// Separator
<Separator />

// Custom border
<div className="border-border border-2 rounded-lg p-4">
  Content
</div>

---

Focus Ring

Purpose: Focus indicators for keyboard navigation

/* Light & Dark Mode */
--ring: oklch(0.6231 0.188 259.8145) /* Primary blue */;

Usage:

// Button with focus ring (automatic)
<Button>Click me</Button>

// Custom focusable element
<div
  tabIndex={0}
  className="focus-visible:ring-2 focus-visible:ring-ring focus-visible:ring-offset-2"
>
  Focusable content
</div>

Accessibility note: Focus rings are critical for keyboard navigation. Never remove them with outline: none without providing an alternative.

---

Chart Colors

Purpose: Data visualization with harmonious color palette

--chart-1: oklch(0.6231 0.188 259.8145) /* Blue */ --chart-2: oklch(0.5461 0.2152 262.8809)
  /* Purple-blue */ --chart-3: oklch(0.4882 0.2172 264.3763) /* Deep purple */
  --chart-4: oklch(0.4244 0.1809 265.6377) /* Violet */ --chart-5: oklch(0.3791 0.1378 265.5222)
  /* Deep violet */;

Usage:

// In chart components
const COLORS = [
  'hsl(var(--chart-1))',
  'hsl(var(--chart-2))',
  'hsl(var(--chart-3))',
  'hsl(var(--chart-4))',
  'hsl(var(--chart-5))',
];

---

Color Decision Tree

What's the purpose?
│
├─ Main action/CTA? → PRIMARY
├─ Secondary action? → SECONDARY
├─ Error/delete? → DESTRUCTIVE
├─ Hover state? → ACCENT
├─ Disabled/subtle? → MUTED
├─ Card/elevated surface? → CARD
├─ Border/divider? → BORDER
└─ Focus indicator? → RING

---

Color Usage Guidelines

✅ DO

// Use semantic tokens
<div className="bg-primary text-primary-foreground">CTA</div>
<p className="text-destructive">Error message</p>
<div className="bg-muted text-muted-foreground">Subtle background</div>

// Use accent for hover
<div className="hover:bg-accent hover:text-accent-foreground">
  Hover me
</div>

// Test contrast
// Primary on white: 4.5:1 ✅
// Destructive on white: 4.5:1 ✅

❌ DON'T

// Don't use arbitrary colors
<div className="bg-blue-500 text-white">Bad</div>

// Don't mix color spaces
<div className="bg-primary text-[#ff0000]">Bad</div>

// Don't use primary for large areas
<div className="min-h-screen bg-primary">Too intense</div>

// Don't override foreground without checking contrast
<div className="bg-primary text-gray-300">Low contrast!</div>

---

Typography

Font Families

--font-sans:
  Geist Sans, system-ui, -apple-system, sans-serif --font-mono: Geist Mono, ui-monospace,
  monospace --font-serif: ui-serif, Georgia, serif;

Usage:

// Sans serif (default)
<div className="font-sans">Body text</div>

// Monospace (code)
<code className="font-mono">const example = true;</code>

// Serif (rarely used)
<blockquote className="font-serif italic">Quote</blockquote>

---

Type Scale

Size	Class	rem	px	Use Case
9xl	text-9xl	8rem	128px	Hero text (rare)
8xl	text-8xl	6rem	96px	Hero text (rare)
7xl	text-7xl	4.5rem	72px	Hero text (rare)
6xl	text-6xl	3.75rem	60px	Hero text (rare)
5xl	text-5xl	3rem	48px	Landing page H1
4xl	text-4xl	2.25rem	36px	Page H1
3xl	text-3xl	1.875rem	30px	Page titles
2xl	text-2xl	1.5rem	24px	Section headings
xl	text-xl	1.25rem	20px	Card titles
lg	text-lg	1.125rem	18px	Subheadings
base	text-base	1rem	16px	Body text (default)
sm	text-sm	0.875rem	14px	Secondary text, captions
xs	text-xs	0.75rem	12px	Labels, helper text

Bold = most commonly used

---

Font Weights

Weight	Class	Numeric	Use Case
Bold	font-bold	700	Headings, emphasis
Semibold	font-semibold	600	Subheadings, buttons
Medium	font-medium	500	Labels, menu items
Normal	font-normal	400	Body text (default)
Light	font-light	300	De-emphasized text

Bold = most commonly used

---

Typography Patterns

Page Title

<h1 className="text-3xl font-bold">Page Title</h1>

Section Heading

<h2 className="text-2xl font-semibold mb-4">Section Heading</h2>

Card Title

<CardTitle className="text-xl font-semibold">Card Title</CardTitle>

Body Text

<p className="text-base text-foreground">Regular paragraph text uses the default text-base size.</p>

Secondary Text

<p className="text-sm text-muted-foreground">Helper text, timestamps, captions</p>

Label

<Label htmlFor="email" className="text-sm font-medium">
  Email Address
</Label>

---

Line Height

Class	Value	Use Case
leading-none	1	Headings (rare)
leading-tight	1.25	Headings
leading-snug	1.375	Dense text
leading-normal	1.5	Body text (default)
leading-relaxed	1.625	Comfortable reading
leading-loose	2	Very relaxed (rare)

Usage:

// Heading
<h1 className="text-3xl font-bold leading-tight">
  Tight line height for headings
</h1>

// Body (default)
<p className="leading-normal">
  Normal line height for readability
</p>

---

Typography Guidelines

✅ DO

// Use semantic foreground colors
<p className="text-foreground">Body text</p>
<p className="text-muted-foreground">Secondary text</p>

// Maintain heading hierarchy
<h1 className="text-3xl font-bold">Page Title</h1>
<h2 className="text-2xl font-semibold">Section</h2>
<h3 className="text-xl font-semibold">Subsection</h3>

// Limit line length for readability
<article className="max-w-2xl mx-auto">
  <p>60-80 characters per line is optimal</p>
</article>

// Use responsive type sizes
<h1 className="text-2xl sm:text-3xl lg:text-4xl font-bold">
  Responsive Title
</h1>

❌ DON'T

// Don't use too many sizes on one page
<p className="text-xs">Too small</p>
<p className="text-sm">Still small</p>
<p className="text-base">Base</p>
<p className="text-lg">Large</p>
<p className="text-xl">Larger</p>
// ^ Pick 2-3 sizes max

// Don't skip heading levels
<h1>Page</h1>
<h3>Section</h3>  // ❌ Skipped h2

// Don't use custom colors without contrast check
<p className="text-blue-300">Low contrast</p>

// Don't overuse bold
<p className="font-bold">
  <span className="font-bold">Every</span>
  <span className="font-bold">word</span>
  <span className="font-bold">bold</span>
</p>

---

Spacing Scale

Tailwind uses a 0.25rem (4px) base unit:

--spacing: 0.25rem;

All spacing should be multiples of 4px for consistency.

Spacing Tokens

Token	rem	Pixels	Use Case
0	0	0px	No spacing
px	-	1px	Borders, dividers
0.5	0.125rem	2px	Very tight
1	0.25rem	4px	Icon gaps
2	0.5rem	8px	Tight spacing (label → input)
3	0.75rem	12px	Component padding
4	1rem	16px	Standard spacing (form fields)
5	1.25rem	20px	Medium spacing
6	1.5rem	24px	Section spacing (cards)
8	2rem	32px	Large gaps
10	2.5rem	40px	Very large gaps
12	3rem	48px	Section dividers
16	4rem	64px	Page sections
20	5rem	80px	Extra large
24	6rem	96px	Huge spacing

Bold = most commonly used

---

Container & Max Width

// Responsive container with horizontal padding
<div className="container mx-auto px-4">
  Content
</div>

// Constrained width for readability
<div className="max-w-2xl mx-auto">
  Article content
</div>

Max Width Scale

Class	Pixels	Use Case
max-w-xs	320px	Tiny cards
max-w-sm	384px	Small cards
max-w-md	448px	Forms
max-w-lg	512px	Modals
max-w-xl	576px	Medium content
max-w-2xl	672px	Article content
max-w-3xl	768px	Documentation
max-w-4xl	896px	Wide layouts
max-w-5xl	1024px	Extra wide
max-w-6xl	1152px	Very wide
max-w-7xl	1280px	Full page width

Bold = most commonly used

---

Spacing Guidelines

✅ DO

// Use multiples of 4
<div className="p-4 space-y-6 mb-8">Content</div>

// Use gap for flex/grid
<div className="flex gap-4">
  <Button>Cancel</Button>
  <Button>Save</Button>
</div>

// Use space-y for stacks
<form className="space-y-4">
  <Input />
  <Input />
</form>

// Use responsive spacing
<div className="p-4 sm:p-6 lg:p-8">
  Responsive padding
</div>

❌ DON'T

// Don't use arbitrary values
<div className="p-[13px] mb-[17px]">Bad</div>

// Don't mix methods inconsistently
<div className="space-y-4">
  <div className="mb-2">Inconsistent</div>
  <div className="mb-6">Inconsistent</div>
</div>

// Don't forget responsive spacing
<div className="p-8">Too much padding on mobile</div>

See Spacing Philosophy for detailed spacing strategy.

---

Shadows

Professional shadow system for depth and elevation:

--shadow-xs:
  0 1px 3px 0px hsl(0 0% 0% / 0.05) --shadow-sm: 0 1px 3px 0px hsl(0 0% 0% / 0.1),
  0 1px 2px -1px hsl(0 0% 0% / 0.1) --shadow: 0 1px 3px 0px hsl(0 0% 0% / 0.1),
  0 1px 2px -1px hsl(0 0% 0% / 0.1) --shadow-md: 0 1px 3px 0px hsl(0 0% 0% / 0.1),
  0 2px 4px -1px hsl(0 0% 0% / 0.1) --shadow-lg: 0 1px 3px 0px hsl(0 0% 0% / 0.1),
  0 4px 6px -1px hsl(0 0% 0% / 0.1) --shadow-xl: 0 1px 3px 0px hsl(0 0% 0% / 0.1),
  0 8px 10px -1px hsl(0 0% 0% / 0.1) --shadow-2xl: 0 1px 3px 0px hsl(0 0% 0% / 0.25);

Shadow Usage

Elevation	Class	Use Case
Base	No shadow	Buttons, inline elements
Low	shadow-sm	Cards, panels
Medium	shadow-md	Dropdowns, tooltips
High	shadow-lg	Modals, popovers
Highest	shadow-xl	Notifications, floating elements
Maximum	shadow-2xl	Dialogs (rare)

Usage:

// Card with subtle shadow
<Card className="shadow-sm">Card content</Card>

// Dropdown with medium shadow
<DropdownMenuContent className="shadow-md">
  Menu items
</DropdownMenuContent>

// Modal with high shadow
<DialogContent className="shadow-lg">
  Modal content
</DialogContent>

// Floating notification
<div className="fixed top-4 right-4 shadow-xl rounded-lg p-4">
  Notification
</div>

Dark mode note: Shadows are less visible in dark mode. Test both modes.

---

Border Radius

Consistent rounded corners across the application:

--radius: 0.375rem; /* 6px - base */

--radius-sm: calc(var(--radius) - 4px) /* 2px */ --radius-md: calc(var(--radius) - 2px) /* 4px */
  --radius-lg: var(--radius) /* 6px */ --radius-xl: calc(var(--radius) + 4px) /* 10px */;

Border Radius Scale

Token	Class	Pixels	Use Case
None	rounded-none	0px	Square elements
Small	rounded-sm	2px	Tags, small badges
Medium	rounded-md	4px	Inputs, small buttons
Large	rounded-lg	6px	Cards, buttons (default)
XL	rounded-xl	10px	Large cards, modals
2XL	rounded-2xl	16px	Hero sections
3XL	rounded-3xl	24px	Very rounded
Full	rounded-full	9999px	Pills, avatars, icon buttons

Bold = most commonly used

Usage Examples

// Button (default)
<Button className="rounded-lg">Default Button</Button>

// Input field
<Input className="rounded-md" />

// Card
<Card className="rounded-xl">Large card</Card>

// Avatar
<Avatar className="rounded-full">
  <AvatarImage src="/avatar.jpg" />
</Avatar>

// Badge/Tag
<Badge className="rounded-sm">Small tag</Badge>

// Pill button
<Button className="rounded-full">Pill Button</Button>

Directional Radius

// Top corners only
<div className="rounded-t-lg">Top rounded</div>

// Bottom corners only
<div className="rounded-b-lg">Bottom rounded</div>

// Left corners only
<div className="rounded-l-lg">Left rounded</div>

// Right corners only
<div className="rounded-r-lg">Right rounded</div>

// Individual corners
<div className="rounded-tl-lg rounded-br-lg">
  Top-left and bottom-right
</div>

---

Quick Reference

Most Used Tokens

Colors:

• bg-primary text-primary-foreground - CTAs
• bg-destructive text-destructive-foreground - Delete/errors
• bg-muted text-muted-foreground - Disabled/subtle
• text-foreground - Body text
• text-muted-foreground - Secondary text
• border-border - Borders

Typography:

• text-3xl font-bold - Page titles
• text-2xl font-semibold - Section headings
• text-xl font-semibold - Card titles
• text-base - Body text
• text-sm text-muted-foreground - Secondary text

Spacing:

• p-4 - Standard padding (16px)
• p-6 - Card padding (24px)
• gap-4 - Standard gap (16px)
• gap-6 - Section gap (24px)
• space-y-4 - Form field spacing (16px)
• space-y-6 - Section spacing (24px)

Shadows & Radius:

• shadow-sm - Cards
• shadow-md - Dropdowns
• shadow-lg - Modals
• rounded-lg - Buttons, cards (6px)
• rounded-full - Avatars, pills

---

Next Steps

• Quick Start: 5-minute crash course
• Components: shadcn/ui component guide
• Layouts: Layout patterns
• Spacing: Spacing philosophy
• Reference: Quick lookup tables

---

Related Documentation:

• Quick Start - Essential patterns
• Components - shadcn/ui library
• Spacing Philosophy - Margin vs padding strategy
• Accessibility - WCAG compliance

External Resources:

• OKLCH Color Picker
• WebAIM Contrast Checker
• Tailwind CSS Documentation

Last Updated: November 2, 2025